Revolutionary events of 1917. When was the revolution in Russia? The final weakening of the reputation of the Provisional Government

Revolution of 1917 in Russia

The history of the October Socialist Revolution is one of those topics that attracted and continue to attract the greatest attention of foreign and Russian historiography, because it was precisely as a result of the victory of the October Revolution that the position of all classes and strata of the population and their parties changed radically. The Bolsheviks became the ruling party, leading the work to create a new state and social system.

On October 26, a decree on peace, on land was adopted. In the wake of the decree on peace, on land, the Soviet government adopted laws: on the introduction of workers' control over the production and distribution of products, on the 8-hour working day, "Declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia." The declaration proclaimed that from now on there are no ruling and oppressed nations in Russia, all peoples receive equal rights to free development, to self-determination, right up to secession and the formation of an independent state.

The October Revolution marked the beginning of profound, all-encompassing social change around the world. The landowners' land was transferred free of charge into the hands of the working peasantry, and factories, plants, mines, railways - into the hands of the workers, making them public property.

Causes of the October Revolution

On August 1, 1914, the First World War began in Russia, which lasted until November 11, 1918, the cause of which was the struggle for spheres of influence in conditions when a single European market and legal mechanism was not created.

Russia was the defending side in this war. And although the patriotism and heroism of soldiers and officers was great, there was not a single will, no serious plans for waging war, no sufficient supply of ammunition, uniforms and food. This instilled uncertainty in the army. She lost her soldiers and suffered defeat. The Minister of War was put on trial, removed from his post as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. Nicholas II himself became the commander-in-chief. But the situation has not improved. Despite the continuous economic growth (the production of coal and oil grew, the production of shells, guns and other types of weapons was accumulated, huge reserves were accumulated in case of prolonged warfare), the situation developed in such a way that during the war years Russia found itself without an authoritative government, without an authoritative prime minister. Minister, and without the authoritative Headquarters. The officer corps was replenished with educated people, i.e. the intelligentsia, which was susceptible to opposition sentiments, and everyday participation in the war, which lacked the bare essentials, gave food for doubts.

The growing centralization of economic management, carried out against the background of a growing shortage of raw materials, fuel, transport, qualified labor, accompanied by a wide range of speculation and abuse, led to the fact that the role of state regulation increased along with the growth of negative factors of the economy (History of the domestic state and law. Ch. 1: Textbook / Under the editorship of O.I. Chistyakov. - M .: Publishing house BEK, 1998)

Queues appeared in the cities, standing in which was a psychological breakdown for hundreds of thousands of workers and women workers.

The predominance of military output over civilian production and the rise in food prices led to a steady rise in prices for all consumer goods. At the same time, wages did not keep pace with the rise in prices. Discontent was growing both in the rear and at the front. And it turned primarily against the monarch and his government.

Considering that from November 1916 to March 1917, three prime ministers, two ministers of the interior and two ministers of agriculture were replaced, then the expression of a convinced monarchist V. Shulgin about the situation prevailing in Russia at that time: "autocracy without an autocrat" ...

A conspiracy developed among a number of prominent politicians, in semi-legal organizations and circles, and plans to remove Nicholas II from power were discussed. It was supposed to seize the tsar's train between Mogilev and Petrograd and force the monarch to abdicate.

The October Revolution was a major step towards the transformation of the feudal state into a bourgeois one. October created a fundamentally new, Soviet state. The October Revolution was caused by a number of objective and subjective reasons. The objective, first of all, should include the class contradictions, aggravated in 1917:

The contradictions inherent in bourgeois society are the antagonism between labor and capital. The Russian bourgeoisie, young and inexperienced, failed to see the danger of impending class friction and did not timely take sufficient measures to reduce the intensity of the class struggle as much as possible.

Conflicts in the countryside, which developed even more acutely. The peasants, who for centuries dreamed of taking the land from the landlords and driving them out themselves, were not satisfied with either the reform of 1861 or the Stolypin reform. They were openly eager to get all the land and get rid of the longtime exploiters. In addition, from the very beginning of the twentieth century, a new contradiction has intensified in the countryside, associated with the differentiation of the peasantry itself. This stratification intensified after the Stolypin reform, which tried to create a new class of property owners in the countryside through the redistribution of peasant lands, associated with the destruction of the community. Now, in addition to the landowner, the broad peasant masses have a new enemy - the kulak, even more hated because he came from his own environment.

National conflicts. The national movement, which was not very strong in the period 1905-1907, escalated after February and gradually increased by the fall of 1917.

World War. The first chauvinistic frenzy that engulfed certain strata of society at the beginning of the war soon dissipated, and by 1917 the overwhelming mass of the population, suffering from the many-sided hardships of the war, yearned for the fastest conclusion of peace. This primarily concerned, of course, the soldiers. The village, too, is tired of endless sacrifices. Only the top of the bourgeoisie, who amassed enormous capital on military supplies, stood up for the continuation of the war to a victorious end. But the war had other consequences as well. First of all, it armed the millions of workers and peasants, taught them how to handle weapons and helped to overcome the natural barrier that prohibits a person from killing other people.

The weakness of the Provisional Government and the entire state apparatus created by it. If immediately after February the Provisional Government possessed some kind of authority, then the further, the more it lost it, being unable to solve the pressing problems of the life of society, first of all, questions about peace, bread, and land. Simultaneously with the fall of the authority of the Provisional Government, the influence and importance of the Soviets grew, promising to give the people everything they longed for.

Along with objective factors, subjective factors were also important:

Wide popularity in society of socialist ideas. Thus, by the beginning of the century, Marxism had become a kind of fashion among the Russian intelligentsia. He found a response in wider popular circles as well. Even in the Orthodox Church at the beginning of the twentieth century, there arose, albeit a small, trend of Christian socialism.

The existence in Russia of a party ready to lead the masses to revolution - the Bolshevik party. This party is not the largest in number (the Socialist-Revolutionaries had more), nevertheless, it was the most organized and purposeful.

The presence of a strong leader among the Bolsheviks, authoritative both in the party itself and among the people, who managed to become a real leader in a few months after February - V.I. Lenin.

As a result, the October armed uprising won a victory in Petrograd with greater ease than the February revolution, and almost bloodlessly, precisely as a result of a combination of all the above factors. Its result was the emergence of the Soviet state.

The legal side of the October Revolution of 1917

In the fall of 1917, a political crisis intensified in the country. At the same time, the Bolsheviks were active in preparing for the uprising. It began and proceeded as planned.

During the uprising in Petrograd, by October 25, 1917, all key points in the city were occupied by detachments of the Petrograd garrison and the Red Guard. By the evening of that day, the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies began its work, proclaiming itself the highest authority in Russia. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee, formed by the First Congress of Soviets in the summer of 1917, was re-elected.

The Second Congress of Soviets elected a new All-Russian Central Executive Committee and formed the Council of People's Commissars, which became the government of Russia. (World history: Textbook for universities / Under the editorship of G.B. Polyak, A.N. Markova. - M .: Culture and sport, UNITI, 1997) acts that were constitutional, fundamental. The Peace Decree proclaimed the principles of Russia's long-term foreign policy - peaceful coexistence and “proletarian internationalism,” the right of nations to self-determination.

The decree on land was based on peasant orders formulated by the soviets back in August 1917.The diversity of forms of land use (household, farm, communal, artisanal), the confiscation of landowners' lands and estates, which were transferred to the disposal of volost land committees and district councils of peasant deputies, were proclaimed. The right to private ownership of land was abolished. The use of hired labor and the lease of land were prohibited. Later, these provisions were enshrined in the Decree "on the socialization of the land" in January 1918. The Second Congress of Soviets also adopted two appeals: "To the citizens of Russia" and "Workers, soldiers and peasants", which spoke about the transfer of power to the Military Revolutionary Committee , the Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies, and in the localities - to local councils.

The October Revolution of 1917 took place on October 25 in the old style or on November 7 in the new style. The initiator, ideologist and protagonist of the revolution was the Bolshevik Party (Russian Social Democratic Party of Bolsheviks), led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (party pseudonym Lenin) and Lev Davidovich Bronstein (Trotsky). As a result, the government changed in Russia. Instead of the bourgeois, the country was headed by a proletarian government.

Objectives of the October Revolution of 1917

• Building a fairer society than capitalist
• Eradicating exploitation of man by man
• Equality of people in rights and responsibilities

  The main motto of the socialist revolution of 1917 "To each according to his needs, from each according to his work"

• Fight against wars
• World socialist revolution

Revolution slogans

• "Power to the Soviets"
• "Peace to the peoples"
• "Land - to the peasants"
• "Factories for workers"

Objective reasons for the October Revolution of 1917

• Economic difficulties experienced by Russia due to participation in the First World War
• Huge loss of life from the same
• Unsuccessful developments at the fronts
• Mediocre leadership of the country, first by the tsarist, then by the bourgeois (Provisional) government
• Unresolved peasant question (the question of allotting land to peasants)
• Difficult living conditions for workers
• Almost complete illiteracy of the people
• Unjust National Policy

Subjective reasons for the October Revolution of 1917

• The presence in Russia of a small, but well-organized, disciplined group - the Bolshevik Party
• The supremacy in it of the great historical personality - V.I. Lenin
• The absence of a person of the same scale in the camp of her opponents
• Ideological Throwing of the Intelligentsia: From Orthodoxy and Nationalism to Anarchism and Support for Terrorism
• The activities of German intelligence and diplomacy aimed at weakening Russia as one of Germany's enemies in the war
• Passivity of the population

Interesting: the reasons for the Russian revolution according to the writer Nikolai Starikov

Methods for building a new society

• Nationalization and transfer to state ownership of the means of production and land
• Eradication of private property
• Physical elimination of political opposition
• Concentration of power in the hands of one party
• Atheism instead of religiosity
• Marxism-Leninism instead of Orthodoxy

Trotsky led the direct seizure of power by the Bolsheviks

“By the night of the 24th, the members of the Revolutionary Committee dispersed to the districts. I was left alone. Later Kamenev came. He was opposed to the uprising. But he came to spend this decisive night with me, and we remained alone in a small corner room on the third floor, which looked like a captain's bridge on the decisive night of the revolution. There was a telephone booth in the adjacent large and deserted room. They called continuously, about important things and about trifles. The bells emphasized the wary silence even more sharply ... Detachments of workers, sailors, and soldiers were awake in the districts. Young proletarians have rifles and machine-gun belts over their shoulders. Street pickets are warming up by the fires. The spiritual life of the capital is concentrated in two dozen telephones, which on an autumn night squeezes its head from one era to another.
In the room on the third floor, news from all districts, suburbs and approaches to the capital converge. As if everything is foreseen, local leaders, connections are provided, nothing seems to be forgotten. Let's check it mentally again. This night decides.
... I give the commissars an order to put up reliable military barriers on the roads to Petrograd and send agitators to meet the units called by the government ... " You are responsible for this with your head. " I repeat this phrase several times…. The outer guard of Smolny has been reinforced with a new machine-gun command. Communication with all parts of the garrison remains uninterrupted. Duty companies are awake in all regiments. Commissioners are in place. Armed detachments move through the streets from the districts, ring or open the gates without ringing, and occupy one institution after another.
... In the morning I pounce on the bourgeois and compromise press. Not a word about the uprising that had begun.
The government still sat in the Winter Palace, but it has already become only a shadow of itself. Politically, it no longer existed. During October 25, the Winter Palace was gradually cordoned off by our troops from all sides. At one o'clock in the afternoon I reported to the Petrograd Soviet on the state of affairs. The newspaper report portrays this report as follows:
“On behalf of the Military Revolutionary Committee, I declare that the Provisional Government no longer exists. (Applause.) Certain ministers have been arrested. ("Bravo!") Others will be arrested in the coming days or hours. (Applause.) The revolutionary garrison at the disposal of the Military Revolutionary Committee has dissolved the meeting of the Pre-Parliament. (Loud applause.) We stayed awake here at night and watched over the telephone wire as detachments of revolutionary soldiers and workers' guards silently carried out their work. The man in the street was sleeping peacefully and did not know that at this time one power was being replaced by another. Railway stations, post office, telegraph office, Petrograd Telegraph Agency, State Bank are busy. (Loud applause.) The Winter Palace has not yet been taken, but its fate will be decided in the next few minutes. (Applause.)"
This bare report can mislead the mood of the congregation. This is what my memory tells me. When I reported on the change of power that had taken place during the night, there was a tense silence for a few seconds. Then came the applause, but not stormy, but thoughtful ... "Can we handle it?" - many asked themselves mentally. Hence the moment of anxious reflection. We can do it, they all answered. New dangers loomed in the distant future. And now there was a feeling of great victory, and this feeling sang in the blood. It found its way out in a stormy meeting arranged for Lenin, who first appeared at this meeting after almost four months' absence. "(Trotsky "My Life").

Results of the October Revolution of 1917

• The elite has completely changed in Russia. The one that ruled the state for 1000 years, set the tone in politics, economics, public life, was an example to follow and an object of envy and hatred, gave way to others who had really "been nothing"
• The Russian Empire fell, but its place was taken by the Soviet Empire, which for several decades became one of the two countries (together with the United States) that led the world community
• The tsar was replaced by Stalin, who acquired significantly greater powers than any Russian emperor
• The ideology of Orthodoxy was replaced by the communist
• Russia (more precisely the Soviet Union) within a few years turned from an agrarian into a powerful industrial power
• Population literacy has become universal
• The Soviet Union achieved the withdrawal of education and medical services from the system of commodity-money relations
• There was no unemployment in the USSR
• In recent decades, the leadership of the USSR has achieved almost complete equality of the population in income and opportunities.
• In the Soviet Union, there was no division of people into rich and poor
• In the numerous wars that Russia waged during the years of Soviet power, as a result of terror, from various economic experiments, tens of millions of people died, the fates of probably the same number of people were broken, distorted, millions left the country, becoming emigrants
• The country's gene pool has changed catastrophically
• Lack of incentives to work, absolute centralization of the economy, huge military spending led Russia (USSR) to a significant technological and technical lag behind the developed countries of the world.
• In Russia (USSR), in practice, democratic freedoms were completely absent - of speech, conscience, demonstrations, rallies, the press (although they were declared in the Constitution).
• The proletariat of Russia lived materially much worse than the workers of Europe and America

Reasons for the October Revolution of 1917:

• war weariness;
• industry and agriculture of the country were on the verge of complete collapse;
• catastrophic financial crisis;
• the unresolved agrarian question and the impoverishment of the peasants;
• delaying socio-economic reforms;
• contradictions of the Dual Power became a prerequisite for the change of power.

On July 3, 1917, unrest began in Petrograd demanding the overthrow of the Provisional Government. Counterrevolutionary units, by order of the government, used weapons to suppress the peaceful demonstration. Arrests began, the death penalty was reinstated.

The dual power ended in the victory of the bourgeoisie. The events of July 3-5 showed that the bourgeois Provisional Government did not intend to fulfill the demands of the working people, and it became clear to the Bolsheviks that it was no longer possible to take power peacefully.

At the 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b), which took place from July 26 to August 3, 1917, the party took the orientation toward a socialist revolution through an armed uprising.

At the August State Conference in Moscow, the bourgeoisie intended to declare L.G. Kornilov as a military dictator and to coincide with this event the dispersal of the Soviets. But an active revolutionary action thwarted the plans of the bourgeoisie. Then Kornilov on August 23 moved his troops to Petrograd.

The Bolsheviks, conducting extensive agitational work among the toiling masses and soldiers, clarified the meaning of the conspiracy and created revolutionary centers to fight the Kornilovism. The revolt was suppressed, and the people finally realized that the Bolshevik Party is the only party that defends the interests of the working people.

In mid-September V.I. Lenin worked out a plan for an armed uprising and ways of implementing it. The main goal of the October Revolution was the conquest of power by the Soviets.

On October 12, the Military Revolutionary Committee (VRK) was created - a center for the preparation of an armed uprising. Zinoviev and Kamenev, opponents of the socialist revolution, gave the dates for the uprising to the Provisional Government.

The uprising began on the night of October 24, the day of the opening of the Second Congress of Soviets. The government was immediately able to isolate from the armed units loyal to it.

October 25 V.I. Lenin arrived in Smolny and personally led the uprising in Petrograd. During the October Revolution, important objects such as bridges, telegraphs, and government offices were seized.

On the morning of October 25, 1917, the Military Revolutionary Committee announced the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the transfer of power to the Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies. On October 26, the Winter Palace was captured and members of the Provisional Government were arrested.

The October Revolution in Russia took place with the full support of the popular masses. The alliance of the working class and the peasantry, the transition of the armed army to the side of the revolution, the weakness of the bourgeoisie determined the results of the October 1917 revolution.

On October 25 and 26, 1917, the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets was held, at which the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) was elected and the first Soviet government, the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), was formed. V.I. Lenin. He put forward two decrees: the "Decree on Peace", which called on the belligerent countries to end hostilities, and the "Decree on Land", which expresses the interests of the peasants.

The adopted decrees contributed to the victory of Soviet power in the regions of the country.

On November 3, 1917, with the capture of the Kremlin, Soviet power also won in Moscow. Further, Soviet power was proclaimed in Belarus, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Crimea, the North Caucasus, and Central Asia. The revolutionary struggle in Transcaucasia dragged on until the end of the civil war (1920-1921), which was a consequence of the October 1917 revolution.

The Great October Socialist Revolution divided the world into two camps - capitalist and socialist.

The October Revolution of 1917 in Russia - the armed overthrow of the Provisional Government and the coming to power of the Bolshevik Party, which proclaimed the establishment of Soviet power, the beginning of the elimination of capitalism and the transition to socialism. The slowness and inconsistency of the actions of the Provisional Government after the February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 in solving workers, agrarian, national issues, the continued participation of Russia in the First World War led to a deepening of the national crisis and created the preconditions for the strengthening of the extreme left parties in the center and nationalist parties in the outskirts country. The Bolsheviks acted most energetically, proclaiming a course towards a socialist revolution in Russia, which they considered the beginning of the world revolution. They put forward the popular slogans: "Peace - to the peoples", "Land - to the peasants", "Factories - to the workers."

In the USSR, the official version of the October Revolution was the "two revolutions" version. According to this version, in February 1917, the bourgeois democratic revolution began and in the coming months was completely completed, and the October Revolution was the second, a socialist revolution.

The second version was put forward by Leon Trotsky. While already abroad, he wrote a book about the united revolution of 1917, in which he defended the concept that the October coup and the decrees adopted by the Bolsheviks in the first months after coming to power were only the completion of the bourgeois democratic revolution, the implementation of what the insurgent people fought for. in February.

The Bolsheviks put forward a version of the spontaneous growth of the "revolutionary situation". The very concept of a "revolutionary situation" and its main features were the first to be scientifically defined and introduced into Russian historiography by Vladimir Lenin. He named the following three objective factors as its main features: the crisis of the "upper classes", the crisis of the "lower classes", and the extraordinary activity of the masses.

Lenin characterized the situation that developed after the formation of the Provisional Government as "dual power", and Trotsky as "dual power": the socialists in the Soviets could rule, but did not want to, the "progressive bloc" in the government wanted to rule, but could not, being forced to rely on the Petrograd advice with which he disagreed on all issues of domestic and foreign policy.

Some domestic and foreign researchers adhere to the version of the "German financing" of the October Revolution. It lies in the fact that the German government, interested in Russia's withdrawal from the war, purposefully organized the transfer from Switzerland to Russia of representatives of the radical faction of the RSDLP, headed by Lenin in the so-called "sealed carriage" and financed the activities of the Bolsheviks aimed at undermining the combat capability of the Russian army and disorganization of the defense industry and transport.

To lead the armed uprising, a Politburo was created, which included Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Andrei Bubnov, Grigory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev (the latter two denied the need for an uprising). The immediate leadership of the uprising was carried out by the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, which also included the Left SRs.

Chronicle of events of the October coup

In the afternoon of October 24 (November 6), the cadets tried to open bridges across the Neva in order to cut off the workers' districts from the center. The Military Revolutionary Committee (VRK) sent detachments of the Red Guards and soldiers to the bridges, who took almost all the bridges under guard. By evening, the soldiers of the Keksholm regiment occupied the Central Telegraph, a detachment of sailors seized the Petrograd Telegraph Agency, the soldiers of the Izmailovsky Regiment - the Baltic Station. The revolutionary units blocked Pavlovskoe, Nikolaevskoe, Vladimirskoe, Konstantinovskoe cadet schools.

On the evening of October 24, Lenin arrived at Smolny and directly led the leadership of the armed struggle.

At 1 h. 25 min. On the nights of October 24-25 (November 6-7), the Red Guards of the Vyborg region, soldiers of the Kexholm regiment and revolutionary sailors occupied the Main Post Office.

At 2 am the first company of the 6th reserve sapper battalion captured the Nikolaevsky (now Moscow) railway station. At the same time, a detachment of the Red Guard occupied the Central Power Plant.

On October 25 (November 7) at about 6 o'clock in the morning, the sailors of the Guards naval crew took possession of the State Bank.

At 7 o'clock in the morning, the soldiers of the Kexholm regiment occupied the central telephone exchange. At 8 o'clock. the Red Guards of the Moscow and Narva districts seized the Varshavsky railway station.

At 14 hours 35 minutes. an emergency meeting of the Petrograd Soviet was opened. The Soviet heard a report that the Provisional Government had been deposed and that state power had passed into the hands of an organ of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies.

On the afternoon of October 25 (November 7), revolutionary forces occupied the Mariinsky Palace, where the Pre-Parliament was located, and dissolved it; the sailors occupied the Naval Port and the Main Admiralty, where the Naval Headquarters was arrested.

By 6 pm the revolutionary detachments began to move towards the Winter Palace.

On October 25 (November 7) at 21:45 on a signal from the Peter and Paul Fortress, a gun shot from the cruiser Aurora thundered, and the storming of the Winter Palace began.

At 2 am on October 26 (November 8), armed workers, soldiers of the Petrograd garrison and sailors of the Baltic Fleet, headed by Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, occupied the Winter Palace and arrested the Provisional Government.

On October 25 (November 7), following the victory of the almost bloodless uprising in Petrograd, an armed struggle began in Moscow as well. In Moscow, the revolutionary forces met with extremely fierce resistance, and stubborn battles were fought on the streets of the city. At the cost of great sacrifices (during the uprising, about 1000 people were killed) on November 2 (15), Soviet power was established in Moscow.

On the evening of October 25 (November 7), 1917, the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies opened. The congress heard and adopted an appeal written by Lenin "To Workers, Soldiers and Peasants," which announced the transfer of power to the Second Congress of Soviets, and locally to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies.

On October 26 (November 8), 1917, the Decree on Peace and the Decree on Land were adopted. The congress formed the first Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars, composed of: Chairman Lenin; People's Commissars: Lev Trotsky for Foreign Affairs, Joseph Stalin for Nationalities and others. Lev Kamenev was elected Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and after his resignation, Yakov Sverdlov.

The Bolsheviks took control of the main industrial centers of Russia. The leaders of the Cadet Party were arrested, the opposition press was banned. In January 1918, the Constituent Assembly was dispersed; by March of the same year, Soviet power had been established over a large territory of Russia. All banks and enterprises were nationalized, and a separate truce was concluded with Germany. In July 1918, the first Soviet Constitution was adopted.

The Great Russian Revolution is the revolutionary events that took place in Russia in 1917, starting with the overthrow of the monarchy during the February Revolution, when power passed to the Provisional Government, which was overthrown as a result of the October Revolution by the Bolsheviks who proclaimed Soviet power.

February Revolution of 1917 - Major revolutionary events in Petrograd

The reason for the revolution: Labor conflict at the Putilov factory between workers and owners; interruptions in the supply of food to Petrograd.

Main events February revolution took place in Petrograd. The leadership of the army, headed by the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, General MV Alekseev, and the commanders of the fronts and fleets, considered that they did not have the means to suppress the riots and strikes that had swept Petrograd. Emperor Nicholas II abdicated the throne. After his supposed successor, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, also renounced the throne, the State Duma took control of the country, forming the Provisional Government of Russia.

With the formation of Soviets parallel to the Provisional Government, a period of dual power began. The Bolsheviks form detachments of armed workers (Red Guard), thanks to attractive slogans, they are gaining considerable popularity, primarily in Petrograd, Moscow, in large industrial cities, the Baltic Fleet, and the troops of the Northern and Western Fronts.

	Demonstrations of women demanding bread and the return of men from the front.
	The beginning of a general political strike under the slogans: "Down with tsarism!", "Down with autocracy!", "Down with war!" (300 thousand people). Clashes between demonstrators and police and gendarmerie. Telegram from the tsar to the commander of the Petrograd military district with the demand "tomorrow to stop the riots in the capital!"
	Arrests of leaders of socialist parties and workers' organizations (100 people). Shooting of workers' demonstrations. Proclamation of the Tsar's decree on the dissolution of the State Duma for two months. Troops (4th company of the Pavlovsk regiment) opened fire on the police.
	Mutiny of the reserve battalion of the Volynsky regiment, its transition to the side of the strikers. The beginning of a massive transfer of troops to the side of the revolution. Creation of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma members and the Provisional Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet.
	Creation of an interim government
	Abdication of Tsar Nicholas II from the throne

Results of the revolution and dual power

October Revolution of 1917 major events

During October revolution The Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee, established by the Bolsheviks headed by L.D. Trotsky and V.I. Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government. At the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies, the Bolsheviks withstand a hard struggle with the Mensheviks and Right Socialist-Revolutionaries, and the first Soviet government is being formed. In December 1917, a government coalition of Bolsheviks and Left SRs was formed. In March 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed with Germany.

By the summer of 1918, a one-party government was finally formed, and the active phase of the Civil War and foreign intervention in Russia began, which began with the uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps. The end of the Civil War created the conditions for the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

	Main events of the October Revolution
	The Provisional Government suppressed peaceful demonstrations against the government, arrests, the Bolsheviks were outlawed, the death penalty was restored, the end of dual power.
	The 6th Congress of the RSDLP has passed - a course has been taken towards a socialist revolution.
	State meeting in Moscow, L.G. Kornilova wanted to declare a military dictator and at the same time disperse all the Soviets. An active popular performance thwarted the plans. Raising the authority of the Bolsheviks.
	Kerensky A.F. declared Russia a republic.
	Lenin secretly returned to Petrograd.
	Meeting of the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks, delivered by V.I. and stressed that it is necessary to take power10 people - for, against - Kamenev and Zinoviev. The Political Bureau was elected, headed by Lenin.
	The Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet (headed by Trotsky L.D.) adopted a regulation on the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee (Military Revolutionary Committee) - a legal headquarters for preparing an uprising. The VRC was created - a military revolutionary center (Ya.M. Sverdlov, F.E.Dzerzhinsky, A.S.Bubnov, M.S.Uritsky and I.V. Stalin).
	Kamenev in the newspaper "New Life" - with a protest against the uprising.
	Petrograd garrison on the side of the Soviets
	The Provisional Government ordered the cadets to seize the printing house of the Bolshevik newspaper Rabochy Put and arrest the members of the All-Russian Revolutionary Committee who were in Smolny.
	The revolutionary troops occupied the Central Telegraph, the Izmailovsky railway station, controlled the bridges, and blocked all the cadet schools. VRK sent a telegram to Kronstadt and Tsentrobalt to call the ships of the Baltic Fleet. The order was carried out.
	October 25 - meeting of the Petrograd Soviet. Lenin delivered a speech, uttering the famous words: “Comrades! The workers 'and peasants' revolution, the need for which the Bolsheviks had been talking about all the time, has come to pass. ”
	A salvo from the cruiser Aurora was the signal to storm the Winter Palace, and the Provisional Government was arrested.
	2 Congress of Soviets, which proclaimed Soviet power.

Provisional government of Russia in 1917

Heads of the Russian government in 1905-1917

Witte S.Yu.	Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Goremykin I.L.	Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Stolypin P.A.	Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Kokovtsev V.II.	Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Shturmer B.V.	Chairman of the Council of Ministers	January - November 1916
Trenov A.F.	Chairman of the Council of Ministers	November - December 1916
Golitsyn N.D.	Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Lvov G.E.		March - July 1917
Kerensky A.F.	Minister-Chairman of the Provisional Government	July - October 1917

Facebook

Twitter

In contact with

classmates

Google+