Plants of the forest zone. Flora and vegetation of coniferous forests.

Do we know that it is growing in the forest? It would seem a very simple question, but many are completely lost when they hear it. And if you complicate? For example, ask what kind of forest is and what animals and birds live in each of its types?

After reading the article, you will know the answers to many questions about the types of forest and its inhabitants, as well as about plants and trees. And in the last section we will talk about the dangerous inhabitants of the forest.

What is a forest?

Before finding out what grows in a forest, it will not hurt to determine what a forest is in general.

As soon as they call the forest various scientific sources. And an ecosystem, and "a place where trees grow," and a complex combination of different plants, and "lungs of the planet." What is the name of the most accurate? All options in the aggregate will give the most correct answer. Let's try to formulate a definition - this is a place where trees and grass grow, birds and animals, insects and microorganisms live. All of them together constitute a complex ecological system, with food chains and cohabitation in the same territory. Well, this whole ecosystem, together with many of the same, is really the lungs of our planet. And what is the function of the lungs? The answer is simple - to breathe, to enrich the human or animal organism with oxygen. Forests do this, they clean the polluted air, release oxygen, which is very valuable and beneficial for you and me. Have you noticed how clean and fresh the air is in the forest? How nice and easy to breathe there? Therefore, walks in the forest are so useful in our time of development of industry and chemical industries.

What are the forests?

What grows in the forest also depends on the type of forest. It is not easy to choose any one attribute for classification, because nature loves diversity. It is possible to divide forests according to their “habitat” into eastern, southern or equatorial ones, or according to their seasonal “behavior”, for example:

• Evergreen (forests, trees in which change their leaves like human hair - the weak fall, and in their place grow new).
• Deciduous (those whose leaves fall in the winter and grow new in the spring).
• Coniferous (those in which coniferous trees grow - spruce and cedar, pine and cypress).
• Mixed, or semi-deciduous.

We will talk about deciduous and coniferous forests, as well as tell about the pine forest and its inhabitants. In each forest, their plants and, accordingly, the inhabitants. Flora (i.e. flora) is also unique to each species.

Inhabitants and plants of coniferous forests

Coniferous forests are often called taiga. These are harsh evergreen taiga houses for a variety of animals. Animals here live with luxurious fur. Otherwise they would simply freeze, as the winter in the taiga is very long, snowy and harsh, and the summer, though warm, is rather short.

Here, on the snow-covered branches of fir-trees and cedars, you can see a shishkar (which got its name because it feeds on cones, splitting them with its unusual beak opposite to it) and large grouse with huge feathers. Out of small animals fluffy chipmunks and ermines live here, insanely beautiful sables, whose fur is always highly valued. In the taiga forests there is a beautiful lynx, a huge brown bear and large moose, as well as a rather rare wolverine.

The flora of taiga forests is not rich. The upper tier consists of coniferous trees - majestic cedars and cypresses, junipers, larches and pines. And, of course, ate. Herringbone in the forest, from a famous song, most likely, was born in such a taiga.

Of the herbs there are not many species growing, and they, most often, are not found in other forests. This is because the upper tier of the forest is very high and passes little sunlight, so only unpretentious moss and lichen of different species survive in these conditions. Special attention should be paid to mosses, there are many of them here, they are luxurious and varied and feed many animals with their succulent stems even in winter, feeling great even under icy snow.

Who lives in a pine forest?

Pine forest - forest? Yes, it is a forest dominated by pines. In their content, these forests are similar to taiga. In addition to the pine tree, there is ramson and bird cherry, aspen and blueberry, which is also called black raspberry. Coniferous-deciduous forest - the second name of the mixed pine forest.

Pines in such forests grow very tall and slender. This is due to the fact that they, like any tree, tend to the sunlight, and stretch upwards to break through to the warm rays past the crowns of their fellows.

Pine boron is rich in mushrooms that feel great on the soil, generously flavored with fallen needles. Under the tall trees in the tender grass hiding milk mushrooms and honey agarics, boletus and boletus.

Unfortunately, the clean ones are not too rich in inhabitants, because there is not enough food for them. But in the lives of many hares, wild boars and foxes. Roe deer and moose also find a nice house here. In addition, we can see serious hedgehogs and lightning-like martens between the pines.

Who can be seen in the deciduous forest?

A deciduous forest is one that is dominated by trees and shrubs of deciduous trees. Also, such a forest can be called deciduous, because by winter its leaves fall, and new ones grow in spring.

Plants growing in the forest (herbs, flowers, berries) make up its lower tier. The middle tier is bushes, and the high tier is trees. These are mainly ash and elm, oak and linden, birch and alder.

Many small insects and their larvae, as well as omnipresent mice, inhabit the grass (lower tier) and soil.

The fauna of deciduous forests is not very diverse, but interesting. It is composed of spiky hedgehogs, fast squirrels, foxes and wolves, wild boars and elks, forest martens and chipmunks, badgers and ferrets. Woodpeckers and goldfinches, nightingales and chizhiki make their nests in the high tops of the trees.

Here the names and descriptions of which are worth knowing grow, in order not to accidentally pluck an inedible berry and not be poisoned. Edible here lingonberries and strawberries, you can also find blueberries and no longer in the grass, and on the undersized bushes blackberry and mountain ash.

Deciduous forests constitute about 25% of all forests in Europe, which is not enough.

Autumn forest and winter forest

Autumn and winter - a little sad time for the forest and its inhabitants. In the fall, thrifty animals collect stocks that will help them survive in the winter. For example, squirrels store nuts, mice take down grain in holes, animals that will hibernate, feed fat, that is, feed heavily - with a reserve. This will help not to emaciate them for a long three months while they sleep in their "homes."

Autumn is the time to harvest. Mushrooms and roots, plants for herbaria and healthy, medicinal herbs and leaves, nuts, acorns and cones - all this "wealth" ripens in the fall.

The forest in winter is harsh and silent. I can not hear the songbirds, they flew south and will return only in the spring. Leaves do not rustle, except that fallen leaves rustle underfoot. The birds singing is not heard, most of them flew to warm countries before the onset of cold weather.

Mushrooms, berries and other forest good in winter, of course, are not found, but it is very pleasant to breathe the frosty air, enjoy the winter walk, admire the trees in the silver frost, and it's useful.

Spring and summer in the forest

Spring and summer is the best time for the forest.

Spring in the forest is a period of awakening from winter sleep and restoration of nature. In addition, it is in the spring, when the leaves have not yet fully blossomed, the features of plants and bushes can be well considered. The attention of those who are interested in nature, can attract kidneys. On different trees they can be of different degrees of maturity. That is, in earlier trees we can see tender leaves in the bud, and on still “sleeping” ones there are taut dark buds. Moreover, when the branches are completely naked, there are more chances to see interesting, but very careful forest dwellers.

Of course, there is nothing to collect in the spring forest. But this concerns berries, mushrooms. But it is quite possible to dig up useful roots and plants for transplanting.

Animals in the spring, too, begin a new cycle of life. Some come out of hibernation (bears, hedgehogs), others are looking for a mate to continue the race. Migratory birds return from warm countries, and the spring young forest is slowly filling with bird trills.

Summer forest appears before us in all its beauty and richness of decoration. The voles crawl in the grass, hard-working ants crawl along stalks, and angry beetles and bumblebees fly overhead. Already ripen in the grass, blushing like a precious ruby, strawberry berries. Summer forest is beautiful.

What does the forest give us?

What grows in the forest can be very useful and tasty.

We will tell you about the useful gifts of each of the forest species we considered.

Deciduous forest gives many types of edible mushrooms. There are inedibles in it, so you need to be careful and not pick mushrooms if you do not know them well.

Berries in the deciduous forest too. In spring and summer it is a strawberry, autumn forest treats with ripe blackberries and a very useful rosehip. By the fall, hazelnuts are also sown - a tasty and, unfortunately, already rather rare delicacy.

And, of course, medicinal plants, for example, yarrow, motherwort.

The taiga forest (or coniferous) is rich in cedar nuts. They are very tasty, easily digested and rich in nutrients.

Pine boron gives us such valuable and useful plants as thyme (it is from it that a tasty and effective cough mixture is made) and cladonium, which is also called deer lichen.

Dangerous forest dwellers

Despite the beauty of the forest, do not forget that it can be dangerous here. Before you go into the forest, you should learn about the possible dangers.

• Snakes. These dangerous reptiles pose a serious threat to the health of negligent guests. They are found in almost every type of forest. Therefore, if you are going to the forest, be sure to take care of closed shoes made of dense materials. It will save your legs not only from a possible snake bite, but also from punctures and scratches with sharp sprigs.
• Spiders They, like snakes, also live almost everywhere. The best defense against them is your caution. Bypass large laces made of cobwebs.
• Ticks. They can be very dangerous and not only deliver discomfort, but also cause serious harm to your health. That's because some of them can be carriers of a terrible disease - encephalitis. Therefore, it is better to put on closed natural clothing when going for a forest walk, and at home carefully examine yourself and your loved ones for the presence of ticks. If this harmful insect is found, it is necessary to consult a doctor. He will remove the tick, and send his little body for examination to see if it is encephalitic.
• Mosquitoes. It turns out that mosquitoes can also be harmful to health. Even if you are not allergic to their bites, it is better to treat open areas of the body (face, hands) with special sprays or creams.
• Wild bees and wasps are dangerous during the formation of swarms or with the accidental or deliberate destruction of their nests. For safety reasons, it is also better to use special means before going to the forest.
• Inedible mushrooms killed many careless mushroom pickers. And those who survived their accidental consumption are unlikely to boast good health. Do not pick mushrooms if you are not well versed in their species, and remember that even edible species can be poisonous if you pick them up in polluted places or near busy roads.
• Poisonous plants. In addition to mushrooms, in the forest you can meet with, for example, we grow beautiful and appetizing-looking "wolf berries." There are them, despite the external attractiveness is impossible, since it is fraught with serious poisoning and intoxication of the body.
• Boars Wild boars are very dangerous animals. Females that protect their piglets can be especially aggressive. If you see boar brood in the forest, the best option or flight, or a tall tree, which will serve as protection from an angry mommy.
• animals do not live in all forests. Therefore, we will not dwell on them particularly. We can only say that it is better not to walk at night in the forest where predators live, because at this particular time of day they prefer to hunt.

Finally

The forest is the wealth of land that cannot be overestimated. He gives us many useful plants, berries and mushrooms. It is also the home of many inhabitants: animals and birds, insects and microorganisms.

There are several types of forest: the most popular in our latitudes are deciduous, coniferous (often called tundra) and mixed. Each of them has its own inhabitants, who feel comfortable in these conditions.

The forest at different times of the year changes its way of life. Thus, the forest in winter is beautiful and filled with fabulous charm, and in summer with the singing of birds and delicious berries.

Despite the charm of the forest, dangers may wait in it for unwary travelers. These are both poisonous plants and snakes or insects. If you are going for a walk, you should carefully consider your clothes and shoes, if necessary, use repellents. This will help maintain health and save you from many troubles.

The forest is a light land, it cleans the air, which is very useful. Spend more time in the woods, on picnics or walks - and this will positively affect not only your health, but also your mood. But do not forget about the rules of conduct. Do not break young trees, do not destroy anthills and bird nests and, very importantly, do not leave a mountain of garbage after your walk. It is not only ugly, but also dangerous for many forest dwellers, that they can get hurt on cans and bottles or eat cellophane wrappers and die. Respect and love nature, if you want your life to be healthy.

On the territory of Russia grow such forests as coniferous, mixed and deciduous. These forests are rich in beautiful vegetation. Different breeds of shrubs, trees and grasses are represented in Russian forests.

Vegetation of deciduous and mixed forests
  Close to the south of the taiga originate deciduous and mixed forests, which consist of different trees. In these places grow aspen, birch and lime. In this part of Russia, the climate is milder than in the north; therefore, deciduous trees develop in full force, they mix and form mixed forests. In the forest zone, in fact, in addition to pine trees, conifers are absent. They are occupied by broad-leaved species.

Trees that grow in deciduous forests have different heights and grow in tiers. The highest is oak and ash, a little lower - linden, ligature, maple, and even lower field maple, wild apples and pears. Under the trees grow shrubs, they include buckthorn, raspberry, hazel, viburnum and others. Herb cover is very well developed. In such places grows many types of medicinal herbs, as you can find plants that are listed in the Red Book.

Moss in mixed forests can only be seen in damp and dark places. The fertility of these forests is manifested in a wide variety of mushrooms and berries. In mixed forests grows a lot of light-loving berry plants, namely, strawberries, blueberries, raspberries and stonecapes.

Coniferous forest vegetation
  Coniferous trees, or as they are called evergreens, grow in most of Europe and Russia. These trees are called conifers because they have needles instead of leaves, that is, small green needles that perform the same function as the leaves, namely, they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. We note the fact that coniferous forests produce a lot of oxygen, thus they ensure the life of the entire planet.

The most common conifers are spruce, pine, fir, larch and cedar. They grow in large tracts, in forests and in the taiga. Such tree species live apart. There are pine forests, where some pines grow, there are parts of the forest in which only spruce grows, and they are called spruce forests. And now we will find out what other plants are growing in the forest, besides trees.

In the coniferous forests can be found yellow acacia, red elder, strawberries, nettles, celandine, bracken fern. From the flowers, you can select the shepherd's snowdrops bag. Grasses that grow in coniferous forests can adapt to not very sunny summer and to cold winters.

But to be honest, there are not too many grassy plants growing in coniferous forests, and this happens because there is very little sunlight in such forests, as it is absorbed by the high crown of the trees. Therefore, only the most stable ones survive in this place. Particularly well in this place feel such herbaceous plants as lichens and mosses.

Now you know what plants grow in mixed and coniferous forests.

Trees, bushes, grasses, logs, lichens, and mushrooms grow in the forest.

Upper tent in the forest form mighty, tall trees. They aspire to the light, the sun, grow higher and higher, and only at the top of their heads widely spread their branches. The most common trees in the forest are spruce, pine, birch, aspen, alder, oak, linden, ash, maple, and larch in the east of the country. Under the tent of tall trees there are shrubs: viburnum, hazel, wild rose, in a large amount of raspberry, in wet areas - currants. And the lower floor is occupied by herbs, mushrooms, mosses, lichens. Our forest is multi-tiered.

Pine and spruce - coniferous trees. Their leaves are needles. They do not all fall off at once, like the leaves of deciduous trees, but gradually, over several years, therefore coniferous trees are green all year round. Spruce moisturelover, grows on moist clay soils. Spruce forests are dark, as the trees crowns transmit little sunlight. Under the fir trees grow the most shade-tolerant plants. Pine is less whimsical to the soil, can grow on sandy soils. She is a photophilous plant. The crown of pine trees always rises high in the sky. In the pine forest is light, the air is filled with a wonderful aroma, beneficial to human health.

Coniferous trees include larch and cedar. Cedar - handsome Siberian forests, a mighty tree with dark needles. Cedar needles are long, soft, extending from the stem with a bundle of 5 needles. His nuts are a delicacy for children, cedar oil is made from them.

Birch is widespread in the forests. The people lovingly call it birch, curly, and white-trunked. A lot of songs are piled about her.

Often birch grows on cuttings, mountains, abandoned fields. She lives long. By the age of 80, the tree can reach a height of 30 m. In the spring, even before the first leaves, long earrings appear on the birch. These are numerous flowers from which by the end of summer the seeds ripen.

Birch forest is beautiful at all times of the year.

Oak is a broadleaf tree species. This is a durable and strongest tree in our forests. The oak trunk is powerful, spreading crown. Oak leaves bloom late in the spring, but they are held on the branches for a long time in the autumn, and sometimes the whole winter the oak stands with faded dark brown leaves.

In the forests there are many different bushes: raspberry, currant, dogrose, hazel, juniper and others. But among the shrubs there are poisonous ones, such as wolf’s bast. In the shade of trees are plants that do not need a lot of light: mosses (cuckoo flax), lichen (lichen), mushrooms and some herbs. Interesting grass is acidic. Flowers and leaves of it go straight from the root. One has only to lightly click on the sheet - and an amazing thing happens: the flower closes and wilts, all three leaves fall. So she “falls asleep” even in the rain, under the clicks of raindrops. But stop worrying her - and she will finish again.

In the middle of summer, when the soil warms up and is sufficiently wetted, numerous mushrooms appear in the forest. When collecting do not strip or destroy the mycelium. Carefully cut the mushroom at the base or twist its leg.

Mixed forest is a collection of coniferous and deciduous trees. In a milder and warmer climate, coniferous species of the taiga are replaced by small-leaved and then by broad-leaved plants. In the south of the mixed forest zone, conifers are represented mainly by pine. But there are many types of deciduous trees and shrubs. For example, oak, ash, elm, linden, maple and others.

The diversity of the plant world of mixed (coniferous-deciduous) forests makes this ecosystem more productive than a similar homogeneous forest. The upper tier of such a thicket is made up of trees, shrubs grow under them, and below are grasses, mosses, fungi, ferns, berry plants.

Consider some typical plants of mixed forests in more detail:

English Oak (ordinary) is a broad-leaved tree of the Beech family. Lives up to 300 - 400 years. According to some sources, it can live up to 2 thousand years. It reaches a height of 20-40 m. The thickness of the trunk grows throughout life (the maximum recorded is 13 m). The tree has a developed root system, a dense, spreading crown, strong branches and a thick trunk. The bark of old oaks is blackish-gray with cracks. Leaves are dumped for the winter. The fruits are called acorns.

Pine - coniferous tree of the Pine family. The average life expectancy is 150 to 200 years. It reaches a height of 25 - 40 m and a trunk diameter of up to 1.2 m. It has a straight trunk, a highly raised crown and horizontal branches. The bark of the lower part of the trunk is greyish-brown, scaly and thick; on the branches and the upper part of the trunk - thin, reddish-orange, exfoliated by flakes. The dark green needles are 2.5 - 9 cm long. Seeds ripen in cones, which open from February to April, and then fall off.

Hazel or hazel is a woody shrub of the Birch family. Component of the undergrowth. Life expectancy is about 60 - 80 years. Leaves are wide, round or oval. For winter foliage is dropped. It blooms in early spring, before the leaves appear. Flowers are divided into male (in the form of earrings) and female (buds). The fruits of the bush - all the favorite nuts.

Wild strawberry is a grassy perennial of the Pink family. It grows on light forest edges and in the bush. It has a creeping thickened rhizome with outgoing mustaches rooting at the nodes. The leaves are oval, with long petioles and sharp teeth. Flowers 5-petal, white. The plant is valued for fragrant and delicious berries, used, like the leaves, in traditional medicine.

Medicinal plants of the forest.

Set of 32 cards.

Publishing house "Visual arts" Moscow 1986.

Artist A.K. Shipilenko.

Circulation 200 000 copies.

The price is 1 ruble 02 kopecks.

The forest reserves of the Soviet Union ranks first in the world. In our country, about 1/3 of the world's forest reserves of more than 1 billion hectares are concentrated, which is about 50% of the territory of the USSR. The forest landscapes of our Motherland are extremely diverse. There are centuries-old taiga, majestic coniferous-deciduous forests, light birch groves, and mighty oak forests.

The flora is very rich, and almost all of its representatives have medicinal properties, are, as they are called, medicinal plants. That is why the forest can rightly be called a forest green pharmacy. Herbal medicine has a long tradition. From the beginnings of medicine to the present day, people used a variety of different methods and means of treatment. With the improvement of medical knowledge in medical practice, more and more new therapeutic agents appear, but only phytotherapy (treatment with plants), which originated in deep antiquity, has been preserved in the arsenal of therapeutic agents up to our days.

The properties of many medicinal plants were known even to our ancestors - the Slavs. In “Izbornik Svyatoslav” (1073) - this remarkable monument of ancient non-Russian culture — a description of medicinal plants used in Russia was given. The collectors of these plants from ancient times were called herbalists. Similarly, or medical books called descriptions of these plants, which they were. Especially a lot of handwritten medical books appeared in the middle of the XVII century, when a special Pharmaceutical order was created, in charge of the supply of medicinal herbs to the royal court and the army. The significance of these manuscripts cannot be overestimated: they helped preserve many recipes of traditional medicine, and have cured a large number of plants to our days.

The choice of medications in the “green pharmacy” is rich and varied, but be careful: poisoning with medicinal plants is possible at the present time if you are treated by healers and self-medicating. Therefore, to apply to the "green pharmacy", as well as the usual, should only be with a doctor's prescription, after the exact diagnosis of the disease. Always remember this.

TD Nikitochkina.

1.COVER.

2. SHOWER ORANGE.

This tender grass is not very common, but it is very popular. The people call it for its spicy aroma forest mint, incense, and brass.

Oregano — a perennial herb of the family of Labiaceae. Rhizome branchy, creeping, forming long thin adventitious roots. The stem is erect, tetrahedral, reddish, soft-haired, branched from the base, about 50 cm in height. Leaves are supra-tive, petiolate, oblong-ovate, goal-aligned. Small purple flowers grow in the axils of the ovate bracts of the same color and form a thick brush. It blooms in June - August.

Oregano has a vast area of ​​distribution throughout the European part of the Union, except for the Far North, in the south of Siberia, in the Caucasus, in Central Asia and Transcaucasia. It grows in forest glades and forest edges, on dry open meadows, hills, between shrubs.

Gather the grass as follows: it is cut, tied in bunches and quickly dried.

Oregano enjoys great and long-standing popularity in traditional medicine. It is used for insomnia, liver disease, stomach, colds, various female diseases. This is an excellent expectorant. Grass is included in the collection for gargling, soothes cough, and also applies to baths for rickets and scrofula in children. Oregano is a folk remedy to combat moths. Oregano essential oil is used in the perfume industry.

3.   Raspberry, Ordinary
   Raspberries are a semi-shrub up to 1.5–2 m high, with straight-standing single-biennial shoots covered with spikes and pubescence, a family of rosaceous. The leaves of the raspberry are troyad, from the bottom are white-white. Fruits are pitted, globular-oval, raspberry-red in color, sweet, fragrant. It flowers in June-July, bears fruit at the end of July -August.
   On the territory of the USSR, raspberries are spread everywhere in mixed and coniferous forests, between shrubs in clearings, clearings, forest edges, in ravines, along rivers and streams. The ripe fruits of raspberries are gathered, laid out on a sieve with a layer of 1-2 fruits in the sun to wither, and then dried in a special dryer or a cool stove.
   Fresh berries quench thirst well and improve food-cooking. In Ancient Russia, in the mornings, a bower made from raspberry and cranberry fruits was drunk. Raspberries are often used in the diet, especially baby food. The diaphoretic and antipyretic effects of raspberries, which depend mainly on the content of salicylic acid in berries, has long been known. Tea made from dry berries is an excellent remedy for colds.
   Berries are used in traditional medicine to improve digestion, with scurvy, anemia, stomach pain. Infusions and decoctions of flowers are used externally for erysipelas of the skin and for acne on the face. Raspberry syrup improves the taste of children's potions.

4. JUNIPER ORIGINAL
   Among the bushes of the undergrowth, it is the most durable. Often there are plants aged 300-400 years. Juniper bushes are a natural health air laboratory. One hectare per day allocates up to 30 kg of volatile production of bacteria capable of removing bacteria from the air of a larger city.
Juniper is an evergreen coniferous shrub, 1 —3 m high in the cypress family. The branches are pressed to the trunk, thin, in rags of fragile bark. Covered with short, stiff, sharp, like frosty needles, which are grouped into triple whorls. Flowers dioecious, male and female inflorescences are located in the axils of the leaves. Juniper fruits are called cone-berries. They ripen in the second year. On one bush green and black berries are visible. Ripe berries - juicy, sugary, with a pleasant resinous taste.
   It grows in the undergrowth of coniferous and coniferous-small-leaved forests, often forms thickets. It is found in the European part of the USSR, Western Siberia, and partly in Eastern Siberia.
   Juniper fruits are harvested in the fall, usually at the end of September. Raw materials contain up to 3% of essential oil, invert sugar, tar, organic acids. Soft-buds are one of the oldest and most popular means widely used in the form of infusion, decoction, extract and powder for various diseases: malaria, scabies, lichen, nervous, rheumatic and female diseases.
   Juniper is an integral part of the diuretic collection (tea). Berries are edible, cause appetite and help digestion.

5. BEAST ORDINARY (OBJECTED)
   Hunter this plant is called not in vain. Although it is healthful, but poisonous, even hay from Hypericum causes painful ulcers on the skin of livestock. The popular name of this ancient medicinal plant is a branch, hare blood, blood. People believed that he possessed magical powers and hung a bunch of grass behind the door to scare away wild animals. Hence the name "Hypericum".
   St. John's wort is a rhizomatous perennial 50–70 cm tall in the family of St. John’s wort. The bare stem is covered with small oblong-ovate leaves with translucent points, as if holed. Golden yellow five-petal flowers are collected in a thyroid or shirokomelochatchatoe inflorescence.
   Plant blooms from June to autumn. Widely distributed in the forest and forest-steppe zones. It grows in clearings, along the edges, on clearings, in oak forests, birch groves.
   The grass is harvested at the time of flowering. Cut off only the tops of the shoots with flowers. Raw materials are dried in the attic or in the cooled furnace.
The remedy for 99 diseases is called St. John's Wort in people or as a medicine for all ailments. He has a complex chemical composition. It has an antimicrobial effect. St. John's wort is curative in fresh and dry form; no mixture of medicinal herbs can do without it. It is a valuable raw material for obtaining imanin, a strong wound-healing agent. Cooking oil is used from herbs, used for compresses in the treatment of wounds, ulcers, burns; in small doses, this oil is used internally in the treatment of ulcers and gastritis. Fresh herb Hypericum crushed and applied with bruises.

6. Cinnamon rosehip
   In nature, there is no natural product, richer in vitamin C than the hips. These are the fruits of life. They protect against diseases, give strength, increase working capacity. Rosehip is a beautiful shrub 1.5–2 m in height of the Rosaceae family, with shiny red-brown spines bent down. The leaves are unpaired, ovate-shaped. Pink or dark red flowers are single, fragrant. Fruits - false berries, orange-red, spherical shape. It blooms from May to late July. The fruits ripen in August - September, remaining on the branches until winter.
   It grows in forests, scrublands, on river beds in the European part of the USSR, Western Siberia and in some regions of Eastern Siberia.
   The fruits and flowers of wild rose were in high esteem in Russia. They treated many diseases. Rosehip infusion was given to the wounded. Rose hip oil was used to treat head injuries. From the scurvy, which was raging then in the warriors, they advised the hips to rub the gums and teeth.
   Collect wild rose from the end of August and before the onset of frost. Dry the collection without overheating. Well-dried berries have a bright red or dark red color.
   Prepared drugs, infusions and rosehip tea due to the complex of vitamins are very useful in atherosclerosis, anemia, exhaustion of the body with various diseases.

7. SPRING STABLE
   Kulgan, sticking root, uzik, dubrovka, moguchnik, whisper - many names for this plant.
   Silverweed is a small, 15-50 cm tall, perennial herb of the family Rosaceae. Stem leaves are sessile, trifoliate, with two large stipules, from which the whole leaf seems to be five-fingered. The flowers are regular, solitary, on long thin pedicels, four-petaled, golden-yellow, at the base with a red speck. It blooms in May - July.
Distributed almost throughout the European part of the USSR. It grows unpretentiously, mainly in sparse coniferous forests, in glades, meadows, pastures.
   Rhizomes are thick and short. They contain a half times more tannins than in oak bark. Most of them accumulate in the budding phase. At this time or in the autumn rhizomes are harvested. Dig, clean, wash and dry in the usual way. The shelf life of more than three years. Although plants propagate well with seeds, they grow extremely slowly, therefore, when harvesting, it is necessary to leave 3–4 strong flowering plants per square meter.
   Since old times, potentilla is revered as a medicinal plant. It is used in inflammations and stomach ulcers. It is used as an astringent, hemostatic and bactericidal agent. This is treating disorders of the intestinal tract. Gargle with sore throat, mouth with stomatitis and toothache

9.   BIRCH WOODED
   Birch is a fast-growing light-loving tree, with a height of up to 25 m of the birch family. Rod birch contains 120 species. The most common wart birch lives up to 100-150 years. The white bark is smooth, thin, easily exfoliated. Leaves alternate, dense, almost rhombic, acuminate. The leaves and twigs are dotted with resinous glands, fragrant. Birch trees bloom in April - May. The flowers are collected in earrings.
   Birch grows almost everywhere - from the borders of the tundra to the Crimea and the Caucasus, forming in places forests that are popularly called birch groves. Birch is the only tree possessing snow-white bark, which is painted white with a special coloring matter betulin.
   Birch produces a range of medicinal products: birch buds, young leaves, birch sap, birch tar and charcoal.
   Collect the kidneys before swelling and disclosure of the kidney scales in the felling in the leshozes along with the branches, which are dried in the cold. Dried buds are threshed.
   Birch buds are curative for many diseases, their infusions are used as a choleretic, and old wounds and eczema are treated with broths. In early spring, birch is generous with sweet, clear juice that is incomparable to taste. They drink it as a vitamin remedy. With dry distillation of wood, tar and coal are obtained. Tar is used as an external disinfectant. Coal in the form of powder or tablets "Karbolen" - with flatulence. In folk medicine, birch leaves are consumed from boils, putting them on the outside to the sore spot, and on the inside on cuts.

10.   PINE ORIGINAL
Sunny tree It seems that in the copper-casting trunks themselves the sun is hidden. After all, even on a rainy day, they emit heat and light. The tree is considered to be among the people the pearl of the northern forest. This evergreen coniferous tree is up to 40 m high, with a straight trunk, a cone-shaped or rounded crown. The needles are long, bright green or bluish-green. Located in pairs. It blooms in June. Seeds ripen in cones in the second or third year.
   It grows almost throughout the territory of the Soviet Union. Every fifth tree of our forests is a pine. Pine is one of the oldest medicinal plants, and the mention of it can be found in the oldest, preserved to our days recipes. Slavs powdered dried pine juice covered wounds, tried to reduce tar and eczema with tar. Scanty properties of pine for centuries were known to sailors.
   In medicine, use pine buds, pine needles. Pine buds are aromatic, contain resin, essential oil, turpentine, starch, mineral salts, tannic and other substances. Pine tar, turpentine, rosin, turpentine oil is obtained from the resin of the tree - turpentine.
   Pine buds are harvested in early spring when they are in the swelling stage. Pine needles are harvested all year round, cutting off the ends of branches (paws) 15–20 cm long.
   Pine buds in the form of decoction, infusion and tincture are used as an expectorant and disinfectant. From the needles prepare fortified infusion. Factory-made pine needles are processed into pine chlorophyll-carotene paste for the treatment of skin diseases.

11. PUPPORT MAN'S (MALE GUARD)
   This is a perennial spore herb 30–60 cm in height of the multi-stem family, with a powerful, thick obliquely growing brown rhizome. The leaves are peri-hundred-complex, large, one meter long and more, densely covered with brownish scales. Young leaves are wrapped like a snail shell. On the underside of the leaves, by the end of the summer, sporangia develop, collected in rounded sorus, arranged in two rows on the sides of the middle vein. The plant is propagated by spores.
   Distributed in the European part of the USSR, in the Far East, the Caucasus, Altai, Tien Shan and Sayan, it grows in damp and shady forests. Its natural reserves are rapidly declining.
   On the medicinal properties of fern knew for a long time. The ancient Greeks and Romans considered it a medicinal plant. He is mentioned in the writings of Dioscorides and Pl-ing. However, in the Middle Ages, the fern was forgotten. Nowadays, medicinal preparations are prepared from the rhizome of a fern.
Gathering rhizomes in autumn, in September - October, or in early spring. They are cleared of roots, scales and dry residues, quickly dried in the shade, without cutting. Raw materials stored no more than a year. Full, fresh rhizomes have a green color on a break.
   Fern rhizome preparations are used against tapeworms. Apply them only on prescription, as they are poisonous. In folk medicine, the infusion of rhizomes is used for baths in various diseases.

12. GOLDEN ROSGA
   Bushes of the rod are not very noticeable in the summer, but they kind of bloom again in the autumn. The fewer leaves on the trees, the more the grass grows dull, the brighter and more beautiful the goldenrod seems, or, as it is popularly christened by the people, the golden rod.
   The golden rod is a perennial plant with an erect stem up to 1 m tall, on which are lanceolate leaves of the compositae family. The stalks end with a straight brush of golden-yellow colored baskets, supported by multi-row wrapping. On the inferior torso - yellow flowers alone, bisexual, tubular in the middle; extreme - pistillate, reed. Fruits - achenes, Blossoms from July to October.
   Distributed in the forest and forest-steppe zones. It is found in abundance in the forests in the sunny felling, on the slopes and along the ravines.
   Gather grass during flowering. Cut to half the stem, dried in bundles. The raw material has an astringent taste, contains tannins, saponins, some essential oil, alkaloids, bitterness and ivercithrin.
   In the old herbalist, about the goldenrod, it is said: “It has a subtle smell, the taste is bitter, the force is cleansing, fortifying and healing wounds ...”
   It is used in the form of teas as a diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant and astringent.
   In folk medicine, herb decoction is used for tuberculosis, treatment of gout and as a choleretic. Fresh leaves heal wounds.

13.   STONE BERRY
   Kostyaka is a small perennial herb of the Rosaceae family. Stem erect, up to 30 cm high, at the base gives creeping whips, with which the plant multiplies. The leaves are trifoliate, on long petioles, covered, like the stem, with spike-like hairs. The flowers are white, in the thyroid inflorescence, bloom in late spring. Fruits - red drupes with a juicy flesh of sour taste, collected in several pieces on the receptacle. Kostyaka ripens in July - August.
It grows in forests of the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere. In the middle zone of the USSR, it is especially common in oak forests and in mixed spruce forests, in the north - in sparse coniferous forests.
   Berries contain vitamin C, a lot of pectic substances, organic acids, mineral and other substances. Kostya is known as a healing berry. In folk medicine, its fruits are used for anemia, catarrhal diseases, gout, inflammation of the joints. Fruits are consumed fresh, and also dried on sunny days under a canopy or in attics, like raspberries. Dried berries stored in a dry place.
   In folk medicine, a decoction of the whole plant with a rhizome is used for washing the head. A decoction of sterile shoots taken with postpartum hemorrhage, disorders of the nervous system, pain in the heart.

14. CLEANLIN LARGE
   According to legend, the ancient Greeks noticed that this plant appears with the arrival of swallows and fades with their departure, and therefore called it “swallow grass”. This plant is also called chischuha, warthog, and yellow milochka.
   Celandine is a perennial herb with a short hollow rhizome and taproot, 25–80 cm high, of the poppy family. The leaves are graceful, deep-seeded, separate. The flowers are bright yellow, collected by 3-8 simple umbrellas. The fruit is a pod. In the USSR, with the exception of Central Asia, is widespread. It grows in shady places, between shrubs, through ravines in forests; large thickets does not form.
   All parts of the plant contain acutely poisonous orange-yellow milky juice, from which 14 different alkaloids, carotene and vitamin C have already been isolated. The plant and its alkaloids have bactericidal properties. Gather all the blooming above-ground part of the plant in May - June, quickly and well dried.
   In our time, the raw materials of celandine are used as an ointment for skin tuberculosis (lupus).
   In folk medicine, broths of celandine herbs are used in diseases of the liver, gall bladder, peptic ulcer, as well as a painkiller, laxative and urinary agent. Sometimes the powder of celandine herbs is added to wounds and ulcers, as well as used for various skin diseases (and to remove warts).

15. Kalina, Ordinary
   The beautiful viburnum is elegant in spring, when the bush of a wasp-pan with snow-white lace of flowers, and in late autumn, when bright red tassels of fruits are burning and beckoning among lilac-crimson leaves. In folklore, viburnum neighbors with mountain ash and is not inferior to it in popularity.
Kalina is a tall, up to 1.5 — Zm, branchy shrub of the honeysuckle family with three-blade leaves and white thyroid inflorescences. Its gray bark is speckled with longitudinal cracks. The fruit is a bright red spherical drupe with one flat bone, tart and bitter in taste. After frosts, the bitter taste disappears. It blooms in May — June, bears fruit in August-September — September.
   Viburnum grows in the undergrowth of mixed and deciduous forests and river valleys in almost all regions of the USSR.
   The first indications of the therapeutic use of viburnum appeared in herbalists of the XVI century. Viburnum berries tone the body, improve heart function, are useful for vascular spasms, hypertension, neurosis, and have a calming effect. They are used as an astringent and diuretic. In folk medicine, juice and a decoction of berries with honey are drunk for colds of the upper respiratory tract. Drug value has bark. Gather early spring from the trunks and branches and air dry. Viburnum bark is used as a hemostatic and astringent.

16.   Hawthorn blood red.
   Many kind words can be said about blood hawthorn. He received a somewhat unusual name for coloring his fruits.
   The hawthorn is a tall shrub, sometimes a small tree with spines up to 4 m in height of the Rosaceae family. Lives over 300 years. Flowers up to 1.5 cm in diameter, white and pinkish, gathered in shields. It blooms in May - June. In autumn, the plant is covered with red spherical fruits with two to five seeds.
   It is found in the eastern regions of the European part and in the south of Siberia, along forest edges and glades, sometimes under a forest canopy, in river valleys.
   Pharmacists prepare from inflorescences and fruits preparations that help treat heart disease.
   Inflorescences collected during the flowering period. Can not be collected after rain and morning dew. Cleared of twigs and dried in ventilated areas. In September, mature fruits are harvested and dried in ovens at 50-60 ° C. With proper storage, the healing properties of the fruit are preserved for eight years.
   Hawthorn preparations, tincture and extract are prescribed for cardiovascular diseases. Hawthorn extract is a part of the well-known complex cardiovalenic drug intended for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
   In folk medicine, the infusion of fruits and flowers has long been used for insomnia, fever, shortness of breath, heart beating, coughing and as a sedative during nervous agitation.

17.   Euonymus warty.
The euonymus is especially decorative in the fall with its pale pink, pale yellow and violet foliage and graceful red-black “earrings” of the fruit. This is a perennial shrub with a height of 120-180 cm of the family of the Euonymus family. Branches with frequent blackish warts. The leaves are opposite, elliptical, whole, melkopilchatye, with deciduous stipules. The flowers are reddish brown, regular, corolla 4-5-petal. It blooms in May and June. By the autumn, red-orange round timber with a black pupil hang from its branches. These are black seeds, half covered with bright red scales. In the people they are called "weed points". The scientific generic name comes from the Greek "glorious", "famous", which is given for the healing properties of some types of shrubs.
   Euonymus is common in the European part of the USSR, in the Caucasus. It grows in woodlands, along forest edges, near rivers, in the undergrowth of deciduous, coniferous or mixed forests.
   In the cortex of the stems and especially the roots of this plant contains gutta-percha in an amount of from 8 to 20% by weight of dry bark.
   For therapeutic purposes, bark extract is used as a laxative.

18.   VERONICA MEDICINE
   .Veronica officinalis is a small perennial herbaceous plant with creeping, creeping stems covered with ovate serrate and soft-furry leaves, from the family of norichnikovyh. The flowers are located in the leaf axils and form a brush. They have a four-piece calyx and a four-toothed blue, sometimes violet and even a white corolla and two stamens. Veronica medicinal blooms in June - July. The fruit is a box.
   It grows in abundance in dry forests, in forest glades and clearings on sunny slopes throughout the forest zone of the USSR.
   Collect the grass in the flowering time, cut with a knife or sickle near the ground and carefully, quickly dried to avoid shedding flowers and loss of natural color.
   You can not mix this grass with other types of Veronica, in particular with Veronica oakwood. The stems of the oak tree are ascending or straight, pubescent only along two faces, the flowers are scattered, bright blue with dark strokes.
   Raw materials contain tannins, bitterness, some essential oil. Veronica officinalis — an ancient cure for cold and cough. Her decoctions act as an expectorant and diaphoretic. In mixtures with other herbs, it is a part of breast tea.
   In traditional medicine, tea from Veronica drug is used for chronic skin diseases.

19. CRANKSHAFT
The bird cherry, or wrist, opens a wonderful spring flowering of trees, popularly known as "green noise". It is a tree or shrub from 2 to 15 m in height of the Rosaceae family. The trunk and branches are covered with matte black and gray cracked bark. White flowers are gathered in thick drooping brushes with a strong aromat. Fruits - black brilliant drupes with one bone, astringent and sweet flesh.
   Forest beauty, as the bird cherry is often called in the people, is widespread almost throughout the entire Soviet Union. More often it grows along the banks and floodplains of rivers, in bushes, in spruce and pine small-leaved and mixed forests. Often cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant.
   Bird cherry tree has long been known as a medicinal plant. Use in medicine have fruits, less often bark and flowers of bird cherry.
   Cherry fruits are used internally as an astringent for intestinal disorders, brewing them as tea, alone or mixed with blueberries. From fresh flowers, distilled with water, receive "cherry water", used for eye diseases in the form of lotions. Brewed leaves of the bird cherry are used by people in case of gastrointestinal pain and diarrhea. The bark of the bird cherry tree also has medicinal properties, considered by the people to be a good diuretic and diaphoretic. Her broth drink with rheumatism and gout. Bird-cherry is an insecticidal plant with a large number of very active phytontium. A decoction of bark is used in the fight against various insects.

20.   LANDISH MAY
   Who among us as a child did not go for the lilies of the valley to the forest and from whom these walks did not leave the brightest and joyful memories in the soul! Slender and unusually elegant flowers of lily of the valley are known to all.
   It is a perennial herbaceous plant of the 15–20 cm high lily family with a creeping rhizome. Leaves (two, rarely three) oblong-elliptic, with root, long petiolate. On the slender, arched, flowering stalk of the lily of the valley — a one-sided brush of pearl buds and soft white drooping six-toothed colo-rings. Translated from the Latin lily of the valley means "Li-Li valleys, blooming in May." After pollination, green, and then red-orange spherical berries appear. The whole plant of the lily of the valley is poisonous, as it contains cardiac-acting glycosides.
   It grows in shady and deciduous forests and between bushes almost throughout the forest zone of the European part of the USSR to the Urals, in the Caucasus and in the Far East.
The companion of the shady forests of the lily of the valley is one of the plants whose medicinal properties have become known to people since ancient times and have not lost their importance in medicine to the present.
   Lily of the valley preparations are used for heart neurosis. In folk medicine, the lily of the valley has long been used against dropsy, epilepsy, heart disease, eye diseases, and fever. Lily of the Valley essential oil is valued in the perfume-dimensional industry.

21. MEDUNITA MEDICINE
   In May, the Medunitsa blooms, one of the best spring honey plants. This is a small perennial rhizomatous plant, 8––10 cm high, of the borage family. The basal leaves are heart-shaped, on long petioles. Stem leaves are smaller, almost sessile, more oblong. Rhizome thin, surely creeping. Flowering stems are rough and bristly, up to 20-25 cm long, with large root scales at the base. The flowers at the ends of the stems are collected in inflorescences — curls, bell-shaped, five-pronged. Young, just opened corollas are painted in bright purple color, old ones fade and become blue-violet. Medunitsa blooms in early spring. For a honey tribute in early spring, this plant is called the Lungwort.
   Medunitsa grows on shady black woods in oak and groves. It occurs everywhere. Gather grass at the time of flowering where it grows in abundance. Cut off from the ground, never stand, quickly dried.
   Lunaria grass contains tannins, it contains silicon and ascorbic acids, as well as manganese, which easily turns into broths.
   In folk medicine, it is used for diseases of the respiratory tract and pneumonia. Broths from this herb from old times treated children for scrofula.

22. CASTLE ORDINARY
   This plant is also called the "butcher", "bear berry", "bear's ear". Omitted leaves shred-nyanki with rounded tops really resemble the ears of animals.
   Bearberry - a small evergreen shrub, resembling in appearance lingonberry, heather family. The stem is creeping, branching, leaves resemble lingonberries, but more dense and dark green on both sides, their edges are smooth, and the lingonberries are slightly twisted down. The flowers are pink, gathered in short drooping brushes at the ends of the branches. The fruits are very attractive, red, but completely tasteless, mealy. It blooms in May — June; fruits ripen in July — September. Tolko-nanny lives long, sometimes reaching the age of centenary.
Bearberry grows in sparse dry pine forests, on burned areas and clearings, in the northern and middle zones of the European part of the USSR, in Siberia and in the Far East.
   For medical purposes, leaves are harvested in two periods: in the spring, before flowering, and in the fall, from the moment of ripening of the fruit to its shedding. Harvest a bearberry by cutting small leafy twigs with a knife. It is impossible to tear the leaves from the growing plants, because the whole bush can be pulled out, and the bearberry resumes very slowly, and the thickets quickly become exhausted.
   In folk medicine, they are used as an astringent for digestive disorders. Bearberry is widely used as a disinfectant, anti-inflammatory and diuretic for diseases of the bladder and urinary tract.

23. PLOWN BULAVOVID
   Plauns are the most ancient inhabitants of our planet. Sometime in the Carboniferous period, moss reached large sizes. Now it is small herbaceous plants covering the soil in damp forests.
   A plaun mace is a perennial evergreen spor-ous plant of the Pluunov family. It has long, undifferentiated stems, which spread widely in all directions along the soil in the form of green ropes, forked branches and root in places. The stems are densely covered with small pointed leaves, resembling scales. Sporiferous branches usually end with two, less often with three or four spikelets on long thin legs. In July, when spores ripen, spikelets become yellow.
   There is a moss in the northern and middle bands of the European part of the USSR, in Siberia, in the Far East. It grows in coniferous and mixed forests, along forest edges, in areas covered with green mosses.
   Disputes, called lycopodia procurers, have medical applications. Spores contain a lot of light, fatty, yellowish oil floating on water, which ignites in fire and explodes.
   Spikelets are harvested at the end of July — early August, before they are fully ripe, usually early in the morning, with dew, with special scissors with a soldered metal box and folded into bags of dense fabric. After drying the spores, the spores are sifted out on thin screens.
   Spores are used as baby powder for bedsores and for dusting pills. In folk medicine, grass and moss spores are used as a diuretic.

24.   Lingonberry
Lingonberry, boletus, borovka, cowberry is an evergreen shrub 8-30 cm tall of the cowberry family; leaves are shiny, leathery, dark green above, depressed veins, dull below, with edges curled down. The flowers are white or pink, gathered in a racemose apical inflorescence. The berry is round, first greenish-white, then red, juicy, sweet, with a slightly bitter aftertaste. It blooms in May -June, the berries ripen in August -September. Widely distributed throughout the forest zone of the USSR in coniferous and deciduous forests, in sunny meadows, near peat bogs, as well as in the forest-tundra, reaching the Arctic Ocean in the north.
   Lingonberry berries and leaves contain vitamin C, carotene, tannins and organic acids. In medicine, cowberry berry is often recommended for vitamin deficiencies, gastritis with low acidity of gastric juice, and high blood pressure.
   In folk medicine, lingonberry leaves are used, collected in the spring before flowering and in the fall at the same time as the berries. Leaves should be collected from no more than one third of the branches of the shrub, dried in the shade. Berries are harvested as they ripen.
   The abundance of biologically active substances in the leaves of cranberries determines the versatility of their use. Infusions and decoctions of them have diuretic, antiseptic and astringent properties. A decoction of lingonberry leaves is considered one of the best folk remedies for the treatment of rheumatism. Water infusion of berries well quenches thirst during fever.

25.   Valeriana officinalis.
   Valerian is a perennial herb of the valerian family; single stalk, fistulous, warty, up to 150 cm high. Leaves complex, pinnate, opposite, basal, on long petioles, upper leaves - sessile. Stems at the ends of branches richly and end with beautiful corymbose-paniculate inflorescences. The flowers are small, pale pink or pale purple, fragrant, have a five-pointed corolla and three stamens. Fruit - achene. It blooms from June to August.
   The area of ​​valerian drug is very wide and occupies almost the entire territory of the USSR, with the exception of the Far North, Siberia and the desert regions of Central Asia. It grows mainly in wet meadows, between shrubs, in forests, on grass and peat bogs. Since the natural harvest is insufficient, valerian is cultivated.
   Medicinal raw materials are rhizomes with roots. They are dug in the fall after shedding seeds, shake off the ground, washed with water and then dried. Raw material produces a sharp and peculiar aroma.
Medicinal use of valerian is known for a long time. It is among the oldest medicinal plants. She treated the sick doctors of ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome. In the 18th century, it was among the most important drugs in all of Europe.
   Valerian has a sedative effect on the nervous system and is used to treat cardiovascular diseases, is used to make cardiovalen, valocardin, Zelenin drops and other drugs.

26. LIPA MELKOLISTNAYA
   The tree is gorgeous both in size, and type, and longevity, and those gifts that people have enjoyed for many centuries. The linden reaches 30 m in height and 1 m in diameter; it lives 300-400 years. The trunk is straight, at the top it is strongly branched, forming a wide dome-shaped crown, the leaves are alternate, heart-shaped, the flowers are yellowish-white, fragrant, gathered in scabbish inflorescences, blooms in July. During flowering, bees collect as much honey from a single tree as a whole hectare of buckwheat. The fruit is a non-opening nutlet with a narrow bract.
   In the USSR, the most widespread linden leaf. In shade hardwood linden ranks second after beech. It grows in the Asian and European parts of the USSR, entering the north in Karelia, in the south in the Crimea and the Caucasus. Widely used in landscaping.
   The beginning of the use of linden for medicinal purposes is lost in the depths of the centuries. Knowing about the anti-rotten properties of lime coal, our ancestors covered them with boils, rotting wounds, and drank in a mixture of water during gastrointestinal diseases. In medicine, used "lime blossom" - inflorescences with bracts. Flowers are harvested from both wild and cultivated trees when most of the flowers have blossomed. Raw materials are dried in the shade, carefully stirring. Since olden times, the “lime color” in the form of hot infusion is consumed as a diaphoretic, it is good for them to gargle, especially with sore throats. In folk medicine, used as a remedy for colds and coughs. When headaches tie the head with leaves. In addition, lime tea is used as a surrogate for Chinese tea, as well as in cosmetics.

27. BLUE BLACKBERRY
Blueberries - a beautiful and healing plant, nicknamed in the old "raven-berry"; small shrub, 15-40 cm tall, strongly branched, with light green ovoid leaves falling in winter, lingonberry families. It blooms in late May -June with small greenish-pink single flowers, ripens in July -August. The berries are spherical, slightly flattened at the top, black with a bluish wax bloom. The pulp of the berry is juicy, reddish-purple, the taste is pleasant, sour, astringent.
   Bilberry grows in pine forests, mixed and spruce forests of the European part of the USSR, Siberia, Ukraine and Kav-kaz.
   Blueberries rank first among all the berries and fruits in manganese content, it contains a lot of iron, and in vitamin A it is twice as rich as milk.
   Bilberry leaves are harvested in May - June, berries - during ripening. The leaves are dried in the shade. The berries are wilted in the sun, and then dried in the oven.
   As a medicinal plant is mentioned in the herbalists of the Middle Ages. Blueberries are used in medicine in the form of kissel or infusion as an astringent for diarrhea, mainly for children.
   In folk medicine, blueberries are used for kidney stones, gout, rheumatism, anemia, skin and other diseases. Blueberry juice - good rinsing for inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth, improves eyesight. Bilberry leaves are also of medicinal importance for the treatment of diabetes, as they have an insulin-like effect.

28.   OAK ORTICAL, OR CHINESE
   Oak ordinary - translated from Latin means "beautiful strong tree." It reaches 40-50 m in height, 100-150 cm in diameter, belongs to the beech family. Leaves are peristalopadny, alternate, sprawling crown, large branches. Fruits (acorns) ripen in the fall. Oak - one of the most durable trees, lives up to 500-1000 years. In the first years it grows very slowly, in 20-30 years it gives the first acorns. Blossoms in May. Flowers are small, collected in drooping earrings.
   Slavs at the dawn of their history worshiped this tree of majestic beauty, composed myths, legends, songs, epics about it.
   Oak distributed in the middle and southern bands of the European part of the USSR. Often forms large forests - light oak forests.
   In medicine, the bark of young trunks and branches ("mirror oak bark"), which contains 10-20% tannins, is used. Broths from the bark are used as a homemade astringent and hemostatic agent in various inflammatory processes of the mouth and throat.
In folk medicine, oak galls ("ink nuts") are brewed as tea and drunk for pulmonary tuberculosis. Gall ointment is used for eczema and lichen. Coffee from slightly roasted acorns is considered a good remedy against scrofula. The ancient Russian medical workers advised to heal wounds with “oak leaves” and with small crushed oak bark.

29.   ALDER GRAY
   People have long noticed that it is necessary to cut down the alders and trouble is on the threshold: rivers become shallow, ground water leaves. Alder is a fast-growing tree up to 20 m high, with smooth gray bark, of the birch family. The scientific name of the genus comes from the Celtic words "at the shore." The specific name (translated as “greyish”) is given for the color of the bark. ”The leaves are alternate, ovate, bicionate at the edges, finely hairy. Alder blossoms in March - April. Monotonous flowers, collected in inflorescences - earrings. When the fruits ripen, the inflorescent scales of the female earrings grow and become woody, thus forming the stem of a small cone.
   Alder is widely distributed in the European part of the USSR, less often in the Caucasus. It grows along the banks of rivers, lakes, reservoirs. Sometimes it forms small groves and forests - alongside black-walled alders.
   Alder leaves contain a lot of salicyla. In the pharmacopoeia, cones and bark are used. Alder shiji are rich in tannins: they contain about 2.5% tannin and almost 4% gallic acid. Collect them in late autumn and winter.
   Broth cones are used as an astringent for gastric diseases and hemostatic. The pharmaceutical industry produces an extract of alder cones and bark - thmelin. In folk medicine, young fresh leaves are applied to purulent wounds, boils. A decoction of flower earrings are used as lotions for diathesis and eczema. In the old days, a person who had a cold with a catarrhal disease was covered with a pile of alder leaves moistened with warm water.

30.   WHEEL CRUSHED, OR OLD
   This shrub is popularly called "wolf berries". "Wolf" means inedible, which can cause poisoning.
   Krushina is a shrub with a height of 2–5 m of the family of crush-nova, akin to the joster crab. The branches break easily, which explains the name. Leaves are elliptic, whole-cut. The bark is gray-brown, shiny and, as it were, in a white speck. Flowers small, inconspicuous, collected bundles in the axils of the leaves. Fruits - drupes, sit on the legs; first green, then turn red-violet, when ripe almost black, shiny. At this time, the bush is beautiful and elegant.
It grows almost everywhere in the European part of the USSR and in Western Siberia, in mixed and deciduous forests, along forest edges and glades, river valleys, often together with alder, bird cherry and rowan trees, along wet meadows.
   Drug value has bark, which is collected in the spring, during the period of swelling of the cambium, from trunks and thick branches. On the trunk and branches, two longitudinal cuts are made to make wood about 30 cm long, then they are joined by cross-cuts and the bark is easily removed along the cambium, while it is folded in even tubes. The bark dries well in the open air or under sheds. Harvested bark is consumed only after a year, as fresh bark causes nausea and vomiting.
   The first information about the medical use of crucida bark refers to the Middle Ages. Bark - a good weak in the form of a decoction and extract. Included in the weak teas and anti-hemorrhoid fees.

31. STRAWBERRY FOREST
   Strawberries - one of the most healing berries. This berry has no equal in taste and flavor. This is a low, 5-12 cm, herbaceous perennial plant of the Rosaceae family with filamentous creeping and rooting shoots at the nodes. Leaves are basal, trifoliate, on long petioles, with silky hairs below. The flowers are white, medium-sized, on long peduncles, collected in inflorescences. The fruit is a round-drop-shaped berry (false), formed from an expanded receptacle, from pale pink to dark red. Ripens in June - July.
   Strawberries are common in forests almost throughout the USSR, growing on dry grassy edges, clearings, clearings, among shrubs.
   Berries are delicious, fragrant; contain vitamins A, B, C, P, sugars, organic acids; rich in iron, phosphorus. They quench thirst well, increase appetite and have a beneficial effect on digestion.
   Usually berries and leaves are picked at the same time. The leaves are cut off by hand or cut with a knife so that the stem does not exceed 1 cm. It is dried in the usual, air-shadow manner,
   Juice and water infusion of berries has a diaphoretic and diuretic effect. In folk medicine, all parts of strawberries have been used for a long time and very widely for a variety of diseases. So, a decoction of leaves and rhizomes is used for colitis, jaundice, tuberculosis, urolithiasis, old ulcers and rashes, for rinsing with sore throats and bad smell from the mouth. Juice and water infusion of berries is used for cosmetic purposes.

32. MOUNTAIN ASH
Russian hazelnut, as it is called by the people, is one of the most popular plants. Since time immemorial, she has been loved and respected by the people. Many songs, poems and legends are composed about her. In ancient times, she personified the family hearth.
   Rowan - a shrub in a shady forest or a slender tree up to 4–10 m high of the Rosaceae family. Leaves on scapes, open-ended pinnate, with 5—9 pairs of lateral leaflets. The flowers are small, white, with a strong min-distant smell, gathered in fluffy caps of inflorescences. Fruits - juicy and berry-shaped 2-5 nesting apples, up to 1 cm in diameter, red-orange, tart and bitter in taste. Fruits are harvested after the first frost, when they get a more pleasant bitter-sour taste.
   Rowan is widespread in forests everywhere from the south of Ukraine and the Kuban to the forests of the Khibiny, the Kolyma, the Kuril Islands. It grows on forest edges, on cliffs of forest rivers.
   The content of carotene fruits of mountain ash are not inferior to carrots, parsley leaves, sea buckthorn fruits, yarrow. In fruits, a significant amount of vitamin C, P and tannins.
   Rowan fruits are used in fresh and dried form for the prevention and treatment of vitamin deficiencies. It is part of the vitamin fees.
   Sorbitol in the fruits of mountain ash reduces the amount of fat in the liver and cholesterol in the blood. In folk medicine, mountain ash has various uses. Dried fruits, juice of fresh berries and rowan flowers are used for dysentery. Water decoctions are used as a diuretic, choleretic and hemostatic agent.

33.HAZELOUS (ORAL). The first among the bushes is the hazel tree that blossoms before the spring. This is a large branched shrub up to 8 m in height of the birch family. The leaves are roundly ovate, short-ferruginous-pubescent petioles, pointed, bicontate along the margin. Plant monoecious. Bloom end of February to April. The fruit is a single-seeded nut wrapped in overgrown fruit wrappers. Nuts ripen in late August - September. They have a different shape, a smooth brown shell and a tasty, oily seed, which contains a lot of fatty oil and protein substances that are well absorbed by the human body. Nuts are a valuable food product. Wild hazel is found in forests, ravines, mountains throughout the European part of the USSR, with the exception of the northern regions, and in the Caucasus. In folk medicine, nuts are used for urolithiasis, rheumatism, anemia, and as a general strengthening agent, they are especially useful with honey. Oil hazel smear head to strengthen hair. Burns are treated with protein. The leaves and bark of a willow have a vasoconstrictor action. From the leaves of hazel tea is prepared, which has a diuretic effect.