Methods for controlling insect pests. Non-chemical methods of pest control Insect control measures
Voracious and prolific insects often become dangerous enemies of humans and their households. There are about one and a half thousand species of insects that can damage crops, supplies, and goods. Of these, 700 species are dangerous pests. The losses caused by harmful insects are enormous.
Church ministers argued that the mass proliferation of pests was supposedly sent by God “for the sins of people” and that one should be saved from them through prayers and prayer services.
Under the conditions of a capitalist economy, there can be no organized, planned, systematic control of agricultural pests.
Control of harmful insects
A wide network of special plant protection institutions has been created in our country. Scientists have developed methods for predicting the possible occurrence of pests in certain areas, based on in-depth knowledge of the biological characteristics of pests. This makes it possible to prepare in a timely manner for organizing the fight against harmful insects. Mass production of chemicals for pest control has been established. The widespread use of aviation for this purpose makes it possible to destroy pests very quickly and over large areas.
To destroy pests, various control methods are used: mechanical, chemical, agrotechnical and biological. The examples of agricultural and forestry pests we studied clearly show that all these methods are based on knowledge of the biological characteristics of pests. So, for example, taking into account the fact that moths fly and feed at night, they are given bait - fermenting molasses, in which they die. The beet weevil overwinters in fields where beets grew the previous year. In the spring, the beetles, emerging from the soil, leave these fields and move to beet plantations. To detain these beetles, old beet plantations are dug in with protective edge ditches with trap wells. Beetles die in grooves and wells poisoned with hexachlorane powder. Similarly, other pest control measures are closely related to the study of their development.
Insects are one of the most numerous and resistant to any adverse factors inhabitants of a garden or forest. Insects survive severe frosts, droughts, and floods. While the plants are weakened due to secondary factors, insect pests begin to multiply rapidly.
Since ancient times, people have resorted to various methods to get rid of malicious pests. Today, there are several main methods of controlling insect pests in gardens: chemical, biological, agrotechnical (agricultural, forestry).
Agrotechnical method consists in the selection, creation and proper planting of plants or their groups that are resistant to attacks by pests. This method is quite expensive, labor-intensive and unsuitable for areas where monocultures are grown (plants of one type, for example, orchards) or private areas with ornamental introduced plants (imported from other areas - and such plants are the majority in landscaping today).
Biological method is based on the use of special preparations containing living natural enemies of insects - enomopathogenic bacteria and viruses, nematodes. This method has worked well over large areas to control existing insect outbreaks and does not work as a preventive measure. An entomopathogenic bacterium or nematode must find a host (insect), penetrate it, multiply in its body and spread to other insects. This is only possible in a dense population with high numbers.
Chemical method by far the most common. It does not require huge expenses, and the effect of tree treatments occurs instantly. The main disadvantages of chemical pest control are the harmful effects on the environment and the rapid adaptation of pests to the chemicals used. The chemical industry is constantly inventing new and more effective drugs. However, the chemical industry market is quite inert, and while new products are being invented for large agricultural organizations, old, long-ineffective drugs are being sold freely on shelves all over the world. This trend is especially noticeable in Russia. Store shelves are flooded with chemicals that have long been ineffective in controlling pests. But they continue to be sold by monopoly organizations. Amateur gardeners try chemicals one after another in the hope that one day they will finally work. But the efforts are in vain, the insects continue to multiply, and health does not thank you for these efforts. Today, truly effective means are available only to specialists.
Chemicals can be sprayed, introduced into the plant itself using special equipment, or treated with the soil. This or that method is selected based on its feasibility. In some places, soil treatment is sufficient, but in others the open use of pesticides may be unacceptable, then the choice falls on intra-stem injections.
Intra-stem injections are just a tool through which the active substances enter the vascular system of the tree. In this case, a variety of substances can be used - from systemic insecticides to drugs that affect plant immunity. From original drugs recommended by the manufacturer to handmade ones mixed in the garage. If we omit the details, we can say that for intra-trunk injections nothing other than original drugs, specially adapted for injection into the trunk, can be used, because the rest can lead to undesirable consequences, including the death of the plant. It is strictly contraindicated to use powdered chemicals and substances intended for spraying for injection. The substances that make up these chemicals clog the vessels of plants. If we compare the vascular system of a tree with the human circulatory system, the effect of such an injection can be called thrombosis.
Preventive measures involve creating conditions in nature that are unfavorable for the bioecology of the preimaginary phases of blood-sucking dipteran insects. This includes draining small reservoirs, swamps, filling puddles, ditches, quarries, holes, plowing empty lands, building dams and other structures that regulate water regime. In the fight against horse flies, many researchers propose destroying coastal vegetation, which these insects use for oviposition.
Preventive methods are aimed at creating conditions on the territory of livestock farms that prevent the breeding of flies, as well as preventing flies from flying into the premises. In preventive measures, the main importance is maintaining cleanliness and an appropriate microclimate in livestock buildings. For this purpose, accumulations of manure and feed waste in livestock buildings are not allowed; Thorough mechanical cleaning of cages and machines is carried out daily.
Sanitary measures are the main and decisive ones in the fight against flies in livestock buildings, and extermination measures are auxiliary
Insecticidal agents used in veterinary sanitation
Physical means
The extermination of insects, ticks, lice eaters, and lice eaters is carried out using the following physical means: mechanical cleaning, high temperature (fire, dry heat, hot water, water steam), low temperature.
Mechanical cleaning. With this method, eggs and larvae of flies and ticks are mechanically removed along with manure, garbage and waste. Careful, timely cleaning of the skin of animals greatly contributes to the removal of eggs from the gastric botfly of horses. Collecting ticks attached to the animal's body is also one of the methods of mechanical disinsection. To catch flies indoors, traps of different systems and sticky paper are used. To prepare sticky paper, you need to melt two parts by weight of rosin and one part by weight of castor oil, soak paper 5-10 cm wide and 50-150 cm long with the mixture. Such paper retains its sticky properties for 10-14 days.
However, mechanical cleaning cannot lead to complete destruction of mites and insects.
Dry hot air(80°C) for 30 min. has a detrimental effect on insects and their eggs.
Boiling water insect nesting sites are scalded and work clothing is disinfested. Water vapor at a temperature of 100°C is also used for disinsection.
On farms, slaughterhouses, meat processing plants and fat-and-oil plants, the NEMESIS 80 Splash_proof device is used to kill flying insects. Area of action: wall mounting 240 m2; on the ceiling, or in a free room - up to 480 m2.
Biological agents
Some researchers point to the primary role of birds in reducing insect numbers. It is estimated that each bird destroys up to 200 adult large insects per day, not counting larvae and pupae. The most energetic fighters of horseflies, flies, gadflies and other insects are wagtails, warblers, thrushes, swallows, cuckoos, etc. The enemies of horseflies, especially lacewings and rainflies, are wasps and dragonflies.
The problem of insect sterilization arose a long time ago and has been under development for several decades. For sterilization, both irradiation of insects with gamma rays and the use of chemicals can be used. Good results have been achieved in the USA using irradiation of male blowflies. However, experience with blowfly eradication in the United States has stimulated extensive research into chemical sterilization.
Sterilization of harmful insects can be combined with other methods of protection. For example, using sexual attractants, food baits, etc. When attractants are used, insects can receive sterilants from their food. Chemical sterilization of insects produces sterile insects that are resistant to insecticides.
Chemical sterilization in most cases is superior to radiation; there is no need to breed and release irradiated insects into the natural population.
The bacteriological method is based on the cultivation and dissemination of viruses, bacteria and fungi pathogenic for insects. In a number of countries, bacterial preparations are widely used to control pests of forests and gardens. In our country, the drug Turingin is successfully used to combat fly larvae.
Thuringin is a biological insecticide of intestinal action, the active principle of which is the heat-stable exotoxin of the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (serotype T). A heat-stable exotoxin is formed and accumulates in liquid media during deep cultivation of bacteria under aerobic conditions.
The drug is a water-soluble powder of a grayish-yellow color with a slight specific odor. Depending on the quantitative content of the active substance, three brands of thuringin are distinguished: B (1.5%), C (1%) and D (0.65%). The drug is low-toxic for people, warm-blooded animals and bees.
Turingin is used to combat the larvae of zoophilic flies (house flies, field flies, autumn flies) developing in manure, food waste and other substrates.
To treat breeding sites of flies, aqueous solutions of thuringin are used in the following concentrations: grade B - 1.0-1.5%, grade C - 2%, grade D - 3%. The breeding areas are irrigated using a hydraulic console, DUK, LSD, VDM installations at the rate of 5-6 liters of working solution per 1 m 2 of substrate. Turingin solution has a larvicidal effect for at least 30 days.
Turingin is used to combat estrosis and wolfharthiosis in sheep, as well as to combat the downy feather eater in chickens.
The use of environmentally friendly biological preparations during the delavation of water bodies is an important link in the complex of integrated measures to protect animals from blood-sucking insects and will be effective in combination with treating animals with chemical insecticides and repellents.
Bacticide TM is a microbial preparation for the destruction of more than 27 species of larvae of blood-sucking mosquitoes (powder from light to dark brown in color. It is used in all ecological-geographical zones and reservoirs of any type, both by ground and by air methods of treatment. The drug is obtained on the basis of microbial cultures Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis.)
The bactericide is an intestinal drug. Once in the intestines of the larvae, the bacteria's delta-endotoxin causes disruption of its functions, toxicosis and subsequent death of the insects. The maximum effect is achieved against larvae of the second and third instars. The timing of death of the larvae ranges from several hours to several days and depends on the dose of the drug, the age and physiological state of the larvae, the hydrological and biocenotic characteristics of reservoirs. The residual larvicidal effect of the drug, depending on the chemical composition of the water, the content of organic impurities in it, the illumination and temperature conditions of the reservoir and the type of larvae, ranges from 5-10 days.
The main method of application is applying a suspension of the drug in concentrations from 0.5% to 3% to the water surface, flooded or wetlands. Bacticide consumption rates for treating reservoirs of various types are from 50 to 100 l/ha.
Advantages of the bactericide over chemical insecticides: selectivity of action - only the larvae of blood-sucking mosquitoes are affected; lack of habituation of insects to the bactericide, as a result of which the dose of the drug remains unchanged when used; safety for humans, warm-blooded animals, birds, bees, inhabitants of water bodies, including fish fry; the drug does not cause pollution of the environment, including water bodies, and does not accumulate in the biocenosis and in agricultural products.
Chemicals
Various chemical compounds are used to control insects and mites. Preparations that destroy insects are called insecticides (from the Latin Insecta - insect, coedo - I kill), and ticks are called acaricides. They also use products that repel insects (repellents), attract them (attractants), and sterilize them (chemosterilants). In these cases, insects lose their ability to reproduce. Of the chemicals, the most widely used are chlorophos, DDVP, karbofos, bytex, amidophos, trolene, trichlorometarphos-3, sevin, dicresyl, sodium arsenite, polychloropipene, preparations based on the gamma isomer of HCH, etc.
Chemicals used to control insects and mites should have minimal toxicity to arthropods. Taking into account the main routes and methods of penetration of drugs into the body of arthropods, three groups of disinfestation agents are distinguished: contact, intestinal, fumigants and systemic.
Contact agents kill insects and ticks through direct contact with their outer coverings. Intestinal agents act through the digestive tract, where they enter along with food. Fumigants enter the body of arthropods through the respiratory system. Systemic poisons enter when arthropods feed on the blood of animals that have previously been injected with the substance. It should be noted that most insectoacaricides have a multifaceted effect.
Chemical means of combating harmful arthropods in the external environment are used by several methods, among which the most common methods are spraying, pollination, aerosol treatment, aeration and exposure to substances in a vapor state.
When pollinating, pest control agents are used in a powdery dry state (dusts are dry, finely ground pesticides mixed with indifferent fillers). Used for disinfestation of premises and animal hair.
With the aerosol method, concentrated solutions of drugs are used, which are converted into a highly dispersed aerosol state by aerosol generators.
Substances in a gaseous or vaporous state are used to disinfect various objects in special chambers or to treat well-sealed rooms.
Fly control measures in livestock farming
Among the wide variety of insects in nature, synanthropic insects, i.e., have a significant impact on the veterinary and sanitary condition of livestock farms. living near a person. Of these, paramount importance is given to various types of flies, as well as mosquitoes, midges and other insects that attack animals (humans) indoors and in pastures.
A large number of flies in the premises is a certain indicator of the unsanitary condition of the farm and the entire surrounding area.
The development of zoophilic flies is closely related to animals. The most widespread and dangerous are 30 species of flies belonging to 4 families: Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Hippoboscidae. These are 5 types of burning flies, 4 bloodsucking flies, 16 licking flies and 5 types of flies that cause myiasis.
Adults of these species also feed on feces or dung.
The association with certain animal species in zoophilic flies is not very pronounced. Cows are attacked by more than 30 species, horses by 25, sheep by 17, camels by 12, and pigs by 14 species of flies.
Activities are carried out mainly against two main groups: against the autumn housefly in the premises and on the territory of all livestock, poultry, and fur farms and complexes; against pasture flies in pastures, summer camps and feedlots.
Work to combat flies is organized according to a comprehensive plan approved by the head of the farm. The plan provides for the implementation of preventive and exterminatory measures: measures to maintain sanitary order on the farm, cleaning the premises and territory from manure and garbage; facilities. Methods and timing of disinsection measures against larvae and adults of flies in livestock buildings, on farms and in summer camps; timing and methods of treating animals against pasture flies; provision of the necessary amount of disinfectants. Technology and equipment.
On farms that are vulnerable to infectious and invasive animal diseases, disinsection should be carried out simultaneously with disinfection or precede it and aim to exterminate populations of all types of flies as quickly as possible.
Measures against flies are carried out simultaneously on the livestock farm and in the adjacent settlement, where they are carried out by the medical service.
The timing and frequency of disinfestation treatments of premises, manure, animals, and the intervals between them in each case are determined taking into account the biology of the dominant fly species, the speed of population recovery, the sanitary condition of farms, the natural and weather conditions of the area, and the duration of action of the insecticide.
Features of fly biology
Oviparous flies go through 4 phases in their development: eggs, larvae, pupae, adults (adults), and viviparous flies begin development from the larva. Housefly eggs complete development (larvae hatch) in 8-24 hours, larvae in 3-7 days, pupae in 4-7, and newly hatched adults become capable of laying eggs in 6-8 days.
The minimum duration of development of one generation at optimal temperature (25-30˚C) and humidity (60-80%) for liperosia is 8-10 days, for houseflies and field flies - 9-12, for autumn flies - 22-30 days. These deadlines should be taken into account when carrying out preventive and exterminatory measures.
The housefly, autumn fly and other species that live in livestock buildings develop in manure, silage, feed residues and various decomposing organic substrates (garbage, sewage), and pasture flies - in fresh feces of animals on the pasture.
Larvae in manure are located mainly at a depth of 3-5 cm, maximum 25 cm. High (above 90%) and low (20%) substrate humidity, high temperature (above 50˚C) have a detrimental effect on the larvae. Larvae pupate in the dry part of manure, feces or in the upper layers of soil (3-8 cm) near these substrates.
In livestock buildings, especially favorable conditions for the development of the preimaginal phases of flies are located under slatted wooden floors, in rigid channels, where fresh manure is constantly supplied, as well as in feed waste.
In the summer (May-September), flies develop in accumulations of manure on walking areas, unequipped manure storage facilities, and also near premises when manure removal technology is violated.
Depending on climatic conditions, the flight of flies begins in April–May at air temperatures above 10˚С. Their numbers reach their maximum in July–September. In heated rooms, flies can develop in winter.
Larvae and pupae of flies that inhabit premises overwinter in manure, humus at a depth of 30 cm, and pasture flies - in the soil under fecal cakes at a depth of 15 cm.
Preventive measures
Preventive measures are aimed at creating conditions on the territory of livestock farms that prevent the breeding of flies, as well as preventing flies from flying into the premises.
In preventive measures, the main importance is maintaining cleanliness and an appropriate microclimate in livestock buildings. For this purpose, accumulations of manure and feed waste in livestock buildings are not allowed; Thorough mechanical cleaning of cages and machines is carried out daily; check the integrity of the floor boards, repair cracks and potholes in a timely manner; When constructing livestock, especially pig-breeding, buildings, instead of wooden floors, impenetrable, durable, non-rigid and even floors are made with low thermal conductivity.
To prevent flies from flying into livestock buildings, fine-mesh metal mesh or gauze is placed over doors and windows. In the evening in summer, flies usually accumulate on the walls of livestock buildings on the southwestern side. To prevent flies from entering the premises, it is recommended not to open the gates and doors on this side at this time.
Rooms for receiving milk and the feed kitchen are kept clean, prepared feed and milk are stored closed. With a hydroalloy manure removal system, it is necessary to remove the contents of the liquid channels at least 3 times a month.
The corpses of animals and chickens are promptly transported to the plant or biothermal pit, which prevents the breeding of flies.
To protect silage mounds from flies breeding in them, they are covered with straw, plastic film or other material.
The location for the manure storage facility is selected in an isolated area no closer than 200 m from residential and livestock premises. In order for the manure storage facility to self-clean itself from fly larvae, protective grooves with a depth and width of 25-30 cm are made along its edges. A dry insecticide or its solution is placed at the bottom of the grooves. Fly larvae, crawling from manure into the soil to pupate, fall into such grooves and die.
To destroy flies inside production facilities, where there is a danger of insects getting into open products, sheets and tapes with a sticky mass of “flycatchers” and insecticidal adhesives are used.
Exterminatory measures
Extermination measures must be carried out both against adult flies (imago) and against larvae by all available means and methods.
The extermination of winged flies is carried out in all premises and on the territory of the farm and complex. Disinsection means and methods are used taking into account the specifics of objects and technology.
At artificial insemination points and laboratories, flies are destroyed using Velcro, traps, electrical devices, and by spraying the drug “insectol” from aerosol cans at the rate of 1g of canister filler per 1m3 of room.
The most widely used chemicals (insecticides) are in the form of spraying (emulsions or solutions), aerosols or dusting (powders, dusts). Since the species composition, as well as the ecological characteristics of flies, change depending on the content of various groups and species of animals in a given territory, protection of the latter from flies is carried out taking into account the bioecological characteristics of winged flies: on farms and pig-breeding complexes, indoors; in pastures and feedlots; on sheep farms.
The following insecticides are used for spraying livestock buildings: 0.5-1% (according to ADV) aqueous solution of chlorophos at the rate of 50-150 ml/m 2 of the treated area; 0.5-1% aqueous emulsion of trichlorometaphos-3 at the rate of 100-150 ml/m 2 area; aqueous emulsions: 0.2% DDVP or dibrom; 0.25-0.5% cyodrine; 0.25% neocidol; 0.5-methylathione, 0.1% cyperyl; 0.5% karbofos; 0.5 – 1% bytex, baygon, etc.
Foreign scientists suggest using attractants and poisoned baits, COS, FOS and carbamate compounds for spraying, baits, traps, the use of chemosterilants, processing tapes, pastes, granules, etc. to combat flies. One of these drugs is Fly-byte and Quick-byte .
Fly-byte (Bayer) small granules of bright yellow color. The active ingredient is methomyl 1% (carbamate group).
Kwik-byte (Bayer) small pink granules. The active ingredient is 0.5% imidacloprit (a group of neonicotinoids). Food baits for killing flies indoors.
Properties. The high insecticidal effect of both baits lasts for 2.5–3 months. The presence of the sex pheromone, muskalure, makes the bait highly attractive to flies. Attractive food components and sugar contribute to the long stay of flies on the bait.
Bitrex 0.01% (bitter component) prevents animals and birds from eating the bait.
The drug is safe for humans, pets and birds.
The granules are laid out on substrates (lids, saucers) in places where flies are most concentrated: on window sills, cabinets, etc. at a consumption rate of 1–2 g/m2 or dissolved in water (100 g of the drug per 50–80 ml of water) and applied with a brush to the walls near doors and windows or surfaces that attract flies.
Measures to combat blood-sucking insects
In addition to flies that attack animals, blood-sucking dipterous insects (gnus) cause great harm in the summer, especially on pastures. These include horse flies (family Tabanidae), mosquitoes (family Culicidae), midges (family Simulidae), biting midges (family Geratopogonidae), mosquitoes (family Phlebotomidae) and burner flies (family Muscidae). All families of blood-sucking dipteran insects have a dual feeding pattern. Only female blood-sucking dipteran insects attack people and animals and suck blood (after fertilization and then after each oviposition). The exception is burner flies, in which both males and females suck blood.
Features of insect biology
Horseflies. In our country they are the most common and harmful to animals (genus Hybomitra, Tabanus). They attack and suck blood mainly during the day in hot weather. Puffballs are active in cloudy weather. The larvae emerging from the eggs enter the water or soil and molt repeatedly. The next year or after 2–4 years they turn into pupae, from which adult insects fly out.
Mosquitoes. In our country, representatives of the genera Aedes, Anopheles and Culex are the most common and cause harm to livestock. Mosquitoes lay eggs in water, on a floating substrate, or on moist soil. The development of mosquito larvae is associated with stagnant bodies of water. Mosquitoes can produce several generations in one season.
Midges. A massive attack of midges often causes a serious disease in animals - simuliotoxicosis, sometimes with fatal outcome. They attack animals in warm, windless weather and are most aggressive in the morning and evening hours. The only breeding grounds for midges are flowing water bodies (rivers, streams).
Midlings. They are especially active in warm, windless weather, in the early morning and evening hours. The bites are very painful due to the toxicity of the saliva. The environment for the development of larvae is different (layers of silt along the banks of reservoirs, wetlands, in accumulations of rain or sewage water).
Mosquitoes . They are found in Central Asia, the Caucasus, Crimea, Moldova and Southern Ukraine. Breeding sites for mosquitoes are mainly burrows of wild animals, hollow trees, animal premises, and accumulations of garbage.
Burner flies. In appearance they resemble house flies. There are 5 known species of liver flies: autumn fly and 4 types of cow fly. The autumn fly attacks all types of animals, as well as people, both indoors and in pastures. Cow moths primarily attack cows and calves in pastures. Burner flies breed in horse and cow manure, in damp rotting plant debris, in the feces of animals on pastures, and produce several generations within one season.
When organizing the fight against blood-sucking insects, the characteristics of their biology, species composition, distribution patterns, habitats, conditions and timing of development in each specific zone are taken into account. In animal husbandry, depending on zonal and local conditions against midges, it is necessary to provide for general economic measures, measures to limit and eliminate breeding sites, exterminate larvae and winged insects, as well as special measures aimed directly at group or individual protection against midges of different types of animals.
Measures to combat midges are divided into preventive, exterminatory and protective.
Preventive and exterminatory measures
Preventive measures include the creation in nature of conditions unfavorable for the bioecology of the preimaginal phases of development of blood-sucking dipteran insects. Livestock farms, summer camps and animal pens are located at a distance of 1–1.5 km from swamps, swampy forests and shrubs, lowlands and other breeding areas and habitats of blood-sucking dipterous insects. Animals should be grazed during the period of lowest numbers and activity of bloodsuckers.
To prevent them from flying into rooms, wire or gauze nets are installed in doors and windows. To reduce breeding sites for mosquitoes and burner flies, livestock farms, their surrounding areas and pastures are improved.
Repellents refer to chemical substances that have the ability to repel blood-sucking dipteran insects and flies from animals (they do not work against adults or gadflies). The main requirements for repellents are the following: complete protection of animals from arthropods for a long time, maximum effectiveness at low rates of drug consumption, absence of a persistent pungent odor, low toxicity, ease of use, rapid destruction in the body and the absence of milk from dairy cows .
Veterinary specialists are supplied with one repellent – oxamate, which is used to protect animals from midges and flies.
Oxamate is a mixture of aliphatic esters of diethyloxamine acid. Technical oxamate is an oily liquid from light yellow to light brown. Dissolves in organic solvents. Oxamate is produced in the form of a 73% emulsifying concentrate and in aerosol cans.
To protect cattle, horses, reindeer and other animals from blood-sucking dipteran insects (midges), a 3% aqueous oxamate emulsion is used by large-volume spraying (1.5-2 liters per cow or horse and 0.5-1 liters per calf or foal). A more convenient and economical method of using oxamate is low-volume (20% aqueous emulsion of oxamate at the rate of 100 ml per adult animal and 50 ml per young animal) and aerosol treatment - 20 ml per animal. Treatment is carried out using disinfection machines VDM, DUK, LSD, nozzles PVAN, TAN, etc.
Treatment of animals with oxamate against mosquitoes, horseflies and midges is carried out (in a pen, split) once a day, against midges as necessary.
To protect animals from flies on pastures, oxamate is used in the same doses and concentrations. In addition to repellent activity, it has a pronounced insecticidal effect on flies. After treating animals with oxamate, the number of flies on the pasture is reduced by 80%.
Oxamate 10% concentration in aerosol packages protects cattle from flies, horseflies and mosquitoes for 7.5-8.5 hours; 3% aqueous emulsion of oxamate from the same insects - from 7 to 7.5 hours.
Insecticidal-repellent preparations make it possible to reduce the number of treatments by 3-4 times and thereby reduce the consumption of the drug per animal.
Checker "Whirlwind" - smoke insecto-acaricidal contains permethrin as an active ingredient. It is an effective way to protect animals against flies, mosquitoes, gadflies, lice, fleas and ticks.
To treat premises against flies and mosquitoes, the consumption is 100 g of block per 650 m 3 ; chicken ticks, ixodid ticks - 100 g per 60 m 3. The checker is used both for precise processing of premises and for processing large areas.
If any infectious disease occurs on the farm, it is necessary not only to destroy the infectious agents, but also their carriers - insects and ticks. Disinsection activities are carried out in livestock buildings, on the territory of complexes and farms, in the adjacent settlement and barrier zone (territory) within a radius of 2 km, with mandatory coverage of manure storage facilities, cattle burial grounds, and recycling plants. When keeping animals on pasture, insects are exterminated by treating animals, summer camp buildings and the area around it within a radius of 100 m with insecticides. In livestock buildings, flies are destroyed mainly by continuous spraying, as well as by using baits and insecticidal cords.
The territory of the farm, complex (manure, soil, vegetation, fences, etc.) and the adjacent area within a radius of 100 m are sprayed with 0.2% emulsions of DDVF, propoxura; 0.5% emulsions of diphos, karbofos, metathion or 1% solution of clorophos at the rate of 30-50 ml/m2. In the treated area, animals are not grazed for 7-20 days, depending on the persistence of the insecticide used.
For disinfestation of complexes and farms with adjacent territories within a radius of 1 km, thermomechanical aerosol DDVF is used from a 2% oil (solar) solution using aerosol generators. The solution consumption rate is 2-3 l/ha (40-60 g AI) for open and 3-5 l/ha (60-100 g AI) for overgrown fly habitats.
In farms unaffected by infectious diseases, disinsection is carried out simultaneously with disinfection. In this case, mixtures of such chemicals are used, the total effect of which would lead to the death of both the pathogen and the vector.
Currently, mixtures of chemicals have been found and regimes for simultaneous disinfection and disinsection of livestock facilities have been developed (Table 17).
Table 17. Mixtures of chemicals used for simultaneous
We all know how much money is spent on buying various pesticides to protect the garden, but garden pests still remain the number one problem.
Don't you think that using natural pest control methods are less expensive, harmful and more effective? Pests of garden plants not only devour cultivated plants, but also bring various diseases with them. When we start searching for the sources of the disease, it is difficult for us to believe that garden pests are so dangerous. The first step in pest control is to keep them out of your garden. But, if this has already happened, you should know the basic rules of fighting it.
#1 Method
Mix a tablespoon of industrial canola oil and laundry soap with water. Shake the mixture and pour into a spray bottle. You can spray the plant and its leaves. You can use some plants to control wasps. To combat insects, you can use an infusion of dry marigolds with laundry soap. Hot pepper infused for 10 hours is used to combat lungworts, aphids, and wintering caterpillars. Shag tobacco 400g is infused for two days in 10 liters of water. Then the solution is diluted with another 10 liters of water. When spraying, 80 g of laundry soap is added. This mixture destroys aphids, lungworts, thrips, young caterpillars of leafrollers, moths, moths, gooseberry moths, cabbage moths, sawflies, flea beetles, flies, and secretive proboscis.
#2 Method
You should sprinkle diatomaceous earth (diatomaceous earth) near the plants and around the flower bed. These particles are very small, but they are considered very harmful to small insects and snails. They don't have any immune response. They're just mechanical killers.
mix two tablespoons of baking soda and water. You can also spray this in places where pests are found and after a few days all the problems will disappear. mix milk and water. Spraying with this solution destroys some plant diseases.
#3 Method
To protect fruit trees, it is necessary to spray tree trunks and branches with an aqueous solution of lime and sulfur. This will destroy the pest eggs. You will need a sprayer with a pump. You must use this method when the fruit trees are dormant, otherwise the trees may become diseased.
#4 Method
It is necessary to constantly inspect your garden to identify diseases and garden pests. Lawns sometimes contain weeds that attract harmful insects. They usually grow in places where you gather as a family or entertain guests. This is a source of spread of various diseases throughout the garden. You should create a protective strip of flowers around the perimeter of the garden that attract beneficial insects.
#5 Method
You should plant beneficial plants in your garden that repel pests and attract beneficial insects. These are colorful daisy families that will attract ladybugs. They destroy aphids and mites, which cause significant damage to gardens. Try planting asters or Black-Eyed Susans. These bright yellow or pink flowers attract Lacewings. These insects destroy large colonies of aphids.
If you have marigolds, then you should know that they, thanks to their aroma, can help you fight rodents and mosquitoes.
#6 Method
If you want to avoid pesticides and other chemical pest control measures, then use a water infusion of garlic, chili peppers or citrus peels. A little vegetable oil, water and kerosene are added to the infusions of the listed plants. Depending on the concentration, the solution is used in the fight against ants and dragons. However, such solutions in high concentrations also kill beneficial insects.
#7 Method
Fishmeal for fertilizer is a very popular way to control garden pests among farmers and gardeners. When a gardener uses mulching with bone or fish meal, many pests die. Caterpillars do not breed in such places. This is a good alternative to chemical garden pest control products.
One of the main tasks when caring for plants is to control garden pests. After all, they, like no one else, give plants an unsightly appearance, sometimes leading to complete destruction. Pest control is a difficult task even for professionals, but for novice gardeners it can be a nightmare. The most important thing in this matter is the ability to choose the optimal protection option based on knowledge and experience in this industry. We'll tell you more about everything below.
Many types of insects, worms, rodents, harmful microorganisms and weeds are considered pests for agricultural plants. To prevent their harmful effects, first of all, you need to periodically carefully inspect the leaves, stems, fruits and flowers. Thanks to this, you can have an idea about existing pests or those that are potentially possible. Most non-professional gardeners pay attention only to obvious damage, when it is too late to save the crop. Therefore, any measures to combat garden pests must be carried out on time:
Biological methods of controlCharacteristics
Today, biological measures to protect plants from pests are actively used. This method involves the use of beneficial microorganisms and animals. They are attracted to the garden on their own or purchased from producers. In particular, gardeners are engaged in the production of microbiological products, as well as the reproduction of certain entomophages that eat harmful insects. In addition, to increase the effectiveness of pest control, biological products are used in combination with pesticides. Biological (bacterial) preparations are plant protective agents against pests. They are produced on the basis of various microbes and their metabolic products. Specific substances that act on pests are found in insecticidal plants. Natural pest control products have the following advantages over pesticides:
In order to grow environmentally friendly products, gardeners use the following means provided by nature itself:
To increase the effectiveness of biological methods for controlling insect pests, proper soil care should be carried out. This is done using various fertilizers, compost and mulching. Thanks to the drip irrigation system, you can supply water directly to the root system, and this reduces the likelihood of transferring viruses, bacteria and fungi along with water. For the same purpose, garden tools are disinfected. How do these tools work?Infusions and decoctions are prepared, for example, from:
The raw materials are usually harvested in dry weather, after which they are dried, crushed and boiled. Next, the broth is cooled and drained. Then the solution must be filtered. When preparing an infusion, the raw materials, after grinding, are poured with warm water and left for about a week, after which they are drained and filtered. The prepared products are sprayed onto the plants. If the need arises, the procedure is repeated after a week. It should be said that decoctions of insecticidal plants should be used as carefully as chemicals. Particular attention should be paid to the amount of product used, which is different for each crop. So, the consumption of liquid broth for spraying is usually as follows:
Plant decoctions used against pests can be dangerous to beneficial garden life. Therefore, it is recommended to use them only for already infected crops. Moreover, to prevent pollinators from dying, this should be done early in the morning or in the evening. There is also a group of biological products called pheromones, which attract beneficial microorganisms and birds to combat pests and their larvae. For example, insects such as chalcids and ichneumon wasps are used to eliminate caterpillars. Ladybugs are attracted to the garden by planting asteraceous plants. They are used in the fight against ticks, aphids and whiteflies. To attract lacewings, asters and yarrow are planted. These insects and their larvae eat aphids. Many garden pests are destroyed by the praying mantis. To attract it, they even allocate a special area in the garden. As for insectivorous birds, these include, for example, orioles, woodpeckers and sparrows. In addition, special covers can protect seedlings from pests, especially flying insects. Chemical methods of controlCharacteristics
Fruit crops can be grown without the use of chemicals, but this usually reduces the quality and quantity of the crop. Plants “without chemicals” become simply defenseless during the active reproduction of pests. There is a lot of controversy regarding the use of chemicals. However, they are still considered the most reliable. But such drugs will be effective only if they are used correctly. Insufficient care and infection of plants are easily identified by some common symptoms. These include withering of roots, yellowing and falling of leaves, and weakness of shoots. If chemicals are used incorrectly, this can lead to the death of beneficial organisms, poisoning of people, and contamination of water and soil. Typically, chemical and biological methods of pest control are combined. This makes them safer. The set of measures in this case consists of the following stages:
Types of chemicalsChemicals used to control pests are commonly called pesticides. In some cases, without them it is simply impossible to save and preserve the crop. Often, if the instructions are followed, toxic pesticides practically do not enter the environment and the fruits themselves.
There are the following methods of using pesticides:
Pest control measuresNow let's look at the most common pests in our conditions, as well as ways to combat them. Fighting aphids
It feeds on plant sap, which causes damage to plantings. It is also dangerous because it can be a carrier of fungal infections and viruses, which, in turn, cause developmental abnormalities in plants. Ladybugs successfully control aphids. The most important thing is not to destroy these beneficial insects yourself. Chemical treatment is also effective against aphids, which is carried out at least three times a year. The first stage occurs in the spring, after the sap begins to flow in the plants. The next treatment is carried out two weeks later, but in no case during flowering. The third time you need to treat the plants after flowering. In addition, Pyrethrum chamomile is sometimes used to control aphids. It is planted next to vegetable and fruit crops. Chamomile Pyrethrum, by the way, will also help get rid of other garden pests. Fighting earth antsWhen aphids appear, earth ants also develop nearby, which help and protect the larvae. Therefore, we also need to fight them. Chemical treatment also helps in this matter. Fighting the sawfly
Sometimes you can observe limp pulp and unpleasant mucus in cherries that fills the seeds. This is a sign that a pest such as a sawfly has worked here. Adults of this pest can lay eggs on almost all parts of plants. If you do not fight them, the larvae can subsequently destroy up to 60% of the crop. The fact is that one larva is capable of eating several fruits at once. And if you consider that one female produces about 75-80 eggs, then the consequences of the lack of measures to combat the sawfly can be catastrophic for the entire crop. Chemicals are used to control these pests. They are applied as a spray. Other methods are much less effective. The first treatment is carried out in the spring before the plants begin to bloom. During flowering, it cannot be treated with chemicals. Therefore, you can repeat the procedure after flowering. In both cases, processing work should be performed in the morning or evening. At the same time, one should not forget about the use of special eye and respiratory protection. If there are fallen fruits, they must be collected and destroyed. Fighting the moth
These caterpillars damage both grass and garden crops. There are several measures to combat them. So, special preparations and traps are used for this purpose. In addition, birds are attracted to the garden to combat them. In general, if there are few caterpillars on the site, then it does not need to be treated with chemicals, because Birds are great at controlling pests. To prevent the mass appearance of caterpillars, it is necessary to clear the garden area of fallen leaves. It is in them that the pupae of these pests overwinter. Another way to combat them is with trapping belts, which are arranged as follows:
If fruit trees are planned to be sprayed against pests with chemicals, before doing so, be sure to remove the existing foliage in the tree trunk area, and water the soil in this area well. During spraying, the tree trunks and tree trunks should be treated. One of the mandatory measures to combat moths is mowing the grass. Fighting the armyworm
The cutworm is a nocturnal pest. It eats almost all plants in the garden, so it is very dangerous for the future harvest. Separately, we need to highlight the cabbage cutworm, which is very easy to distinguish: its caterpillar is smooth and green in color. To combat them, both chemical and natural means are used. For example, you can plant decorative types of wormwood and tansy between rows of plants. Their pungent smell repels pests. To minimize the risk of armyworm development after wintering, it is necessary to prevent places for this to remain on the site. So, most often these pests overwinter in tree hollows. Therefore, it is imperative to take care of the trees and, when cavities appear, fill them as quickly as possible. A good way to combat nocturnal pests is to use light bulbs, to which insect pests of cultivated plants flock at night. Sticky tapes are placed next to the light bulbs, to which pests will stick. Fighting Drosophila
These pests are fruit flies that usually appear in the second half of summer. They feed mainly on plant sap, but cause harm by being carriers of rot from a diseased fruit to a healthy one. This ultimately leads to its infection with rot. To prevent fruit rot, trees are sprayed with special preparations in early spring. In addition, you need to remove all fallen fruits, trim off diseased old branches and thin out the crown. To prevent a massive attack of these flies, you need to promptly remove plant waste from your site, for example, fallen fruits and rotten vegetables. These measures can prevent the appearance of not only fruit flies, but also other pests and fungal diseases. Fighting slugs and snails
These pests often attack radishes, radishes, cabbage, horseradish, and turnips. Birds and various amphibians are very helpful in the fight against them. For example, frogs and toads. In addition, lime mixtures and ash are effective against them. Ground hot pepper or tobacco dust is also added to them. This solution helps not only to destroy pests, but also to prevent the development of fungal diseases and make the soil less acidic. In addition to slugs and snails, psyllids and bugs often appear on vegetable crops, which also threaten the future harvest. |
Articles on the topic
