Anti-aircraft missile system "Buk. "Buk": history of creation and characteristics Buk warhead

Operator's position of the Buk air defense system

Operator's position of the Buk air defense system

The multifunctional, highly mobile, medium-range anti-aircraft missile system (SAM) "Buk-M1-2" (the latest modernization of the "Buk" SAM system) is designed to destroy modern and promising strategic and tactical aircraft, cruise missiles, helicopters and other aerial aerodynamic objects in their entire range practical application in conditions of intense radio countermeasures, as well as for combating tactical ballistic missiles of the "Lance" type, anti-radar missiles of the "Kharm" type, other elements of air- and ground-based precision weapons in flight and hitting surface and ground-based radio-contrast targets. The anti-aircraft missile system can be used for air defense of troops, military facilities, important administrative-industrial and other territories (centers) with the massive use of air attack weapons, and can also be a tactical missile defense module.

The complex adopted a combined method of missile guidance - inertial guidance with radio correction in the initial guidance section and semi-active homing in the final guidance section.

The Buk-M1-2 air defense system includes combat assets, technical support equipment and training equipment.

The combat equipment includes:

Command post (CP) 9S470M1-2;

Target detection radar (SOC) 9S18M1-1;

Up to six self-propelled firing systems (SOU) 9AZ10M1-2;

Up to six launch-loading units (PZU) 9A39M1;

Anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM) 9M317.

The technical support includes:

Maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9V881M1-2 with spare parts trailer 9T456;

Maintenance workshop (MTO) AGZ-M1;

Repair and maintenance machines (workshops) (MRTO): MRTO-1 9V883M1; MRTO-2 9V884M1; MRTO-3 9V894M1;

Transport vehicle (TM) 9T243 with a set of technological equipment (KTO) 9T3184;

Automated control and testing mobile station (AKIPS) 9V95M1;

Missile repair machine (workshop) 9T458;

Unified compressor station UKS-400V;

Mobile power station PES-100-T/400-AKR1.

Educational and training tools include:

9M317UD operational training missile;

Training missile 9M317UR.

All combat assets of the complex are assembled on all-terrain tracked self-propelled vehicles equipped with communications equipment, orientation and navigation equipment, their own gas turbine power supply units, personnel protection and life support systems, which ensures their high maneuverability and autonomy during combat operations.

The 9S470M1-2 command post is designed for automated control of combat operations of air defense systems via telecode (radio or wire) communication channels and works together with one SOC 9S18M1-1, six self-propelled guns 9A310M1-2 and ensures mutual work with a higher command post for automated control of combat operations of the Buk air defense system -M1-2".

The control panel equipment, consisting of a digital computer system, information display tools, operational command communications and data transmission and other auxiliary systems, allows you to optimize the air defense missile system control process, automatically assign operating modes, provide processing of up to 75 radar marks, and automatically track up to 15 routes of the most dangerous targets, solve target distribution and target designation problems, provide complex modes of paired operation of the SOU ("Radiation Regulation", "Alien Illumination", "Triangulation", "Coordinate Support", "Launcher"), which are used in conditions of the enemy using strong anti-radar missiles radio countermeasures and in case of failure of the radar of one of the control systems, as well as documenting the processes of combat work, monitoring the functioning of the complex’s combat assets and simulating the air situation for conducting training of the command post crew.

SOC 9S18M1-1 is designed to detect, identify the nationality of targets and transmit information about the air situation in the form of marks from targets and bearings to jammers at the 9S470M1-2 command post of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system and other control points of the air defense forces.

The SOC is a three-dimensional radar of the centimeter wave range, built on the basis of a waveguide array with electronic scanning of the beam pattern in elevation and mechanical rotation of the antenna in azimuth. The indicator range of the SOC is 160 km.

The SOC implements two possibilities for viewing space:

- “regular” - in anti-aircraft defense mode;

- "sector" - in missile defense mode.

The main element of the air defense system is the SOU 9A310M1-2. In terms of its functional purpose, it is a radar station for detecting, tracking a target, illuminating a target and a missile with a ground-based radar interrogator, a television optical target sight and a launcher with four missiles, combined into a single product controlled through a digital computer system.

The SOU provides solutions to the following tasks:

Reception of target designation and control signals from PBU 9S470M1-2;

Detection, identification of nationality, target acquisition and tracking, recognition of the class of air, surface or ground targets, illumination of them and missiles;

Determining the coordinates of tracked targets, developing a flight mission for missiles and solving other pre-launch tasks;

Pointing the launcher in the direction of the pre-empted meeting point of the missile with the target;

Issuance of target designation to the radar homing head of the missile defense system;

Missile launch;

Development of radio correction commands and transmission of them to flying missiles;

Transferring to the 9A39M1 ROM the signals necessary to point the ROM launcher in the direction of the lead point, pointing the radar homing head of the missile defense system at the target and launching it;

Transferring information to the command post about the target being tracked and about the process of combat work;

Combat crew training.

The SOU can perform these tasks both as part of an air defense system during target designation with a command post, and autonomously in the sector of responsibility. In this case, missiles can be launched either directly from the SDA or from the ROM launcher.

When operating as part of an air defense system and controlled from a command post, the self-propelled gun can be used as a launcher, in firing mode with “alien illumination” and take part in solving the problem of coordinate support by the complex.

The 9A39M1 launcher is designed for:

Transportation and storage of missiles, with four missiles located on the launcher guides and ready for launch, and four combat-ready missiles on transport supports;

Loading and self-loading of self-propelled guns with missiles located on transport supports of the base, transport vehicle, ground cradles or containers;

Monitoring the serviceability of ROM and missiles, both on command from the SOU and autonomously;

Pre-launch preparation and sequential launch of missiles according to SOU data.

To solve these problems, the ROM includes a launcher for four missiles with an electro-hydraulic power tracking drive and launch automatic equipment, four transport supports for storing missiles, an analog computer, a lifting unit (up to 1000 kg) and other equipment.

The 9M317 missiles are designed to destroy the entire class of aerodynamic targets, tactical ballistic missiles, elements of precision weapons, radar-contrast surface and ground targets. The rocket is made according to a normal aerodynamic design with a low aspect ratio trapezoidal wing with a single-stage dual-mode solid propellant jet engine.

The missile is aimed at the target using a semi-active homing system using the proportional navigation method.

To increase the accuracy of guidance, at the initial stage, pseudo-inertial control is organized along the radio correction line - the flight mission in the on-board missile defense computer is adjusted depending on changes in the movement characteristics of the target being fired by radio commands transmitted in the target and missile illumination signals.

The missile is delivered to the consumer fully assembled and equipped. Normal operation and combat use of missiles is ensured at any time of the year and day in various weather and climatic conditions for ten years.

The main tactical unit of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, capable of independently performing combat missions, is a separate anti-aircraft missile regiment (OSRP) or an anti-aircraft missile division (ZRDN).

The unit includes a command post 9S470M1-2, SOC 9S18M1-1, communications equipment, three anti-aircraft missile batteries (two SOU 9A310M1-2 and one or two ROM 9A39M1 in each), a technical battery and a maintenance and repair unit.

A separate air defense missile system is usually part of a motorized rifle (tank) division (brigade), and an air defense missile system is part of an anti-aircraft missile brigade (up to 4-6 air defense missile systems, command post, technical battery and maintenance and repair units) of the army (army corps).

An anti-aircraft missile division (regiment), armed with a Buk-M1-2 air defense system, can perform air defense tasks for military formations and units in all types of combat operations and the most important objects (territories) of the troops and the country, simultaneously firing up to six aerodynamic targets or up to six ballistic missiles with a launch range of up to 140 km, or fire at six surface or ground targets. At the same time, the division (regiment), as a tactical missile defense module, provides coverage of an area of ​​​​about 800 - 1200 km2.

The anti-aircraft missile brigade command post uses the Polyana-D4M1 automation system.

The Buk anti-aircraft missile system in the Buk-1 variant, consisting of the SOU 9A38 and the 9M38 missile defense system, was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the North in 1978.

The fully equipped Buk air defense system was put into service in 1980, went through several phases of modernization and was put into service under the code of the Buk M1 air defense system in 1983, and the Buk-M1-2 air defense system in 1998.

The Buk air defense system and its modifications are in service with the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, CIS countries and have been supplied to a number of non-CIS countries.

In addition to the standard configuration of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system, Russian industry has the ability to:

Supply special asphalt shoes for the caterpillar tracks of the complex's combat vehicles, which ensure the movement of air defense systems on asphalt roads;

Install an objective control system (SOK) for the operation of air defense missile systems by registering, remembering, storing and reproducing SOU-ZUR-PZU exchange information.

Main characteristics:

	"Beech"	"Buk-M1"	"Buk-M1-2"
Types of targets hit	aircraft	airplanes, helicopters, cruise missiles	airplanes, helicopters, cruise missiles, Lance-type TBRs, Kharm-type missile launchers, surface and ground targets
Damage zone for aerodynamic targets, km:
by range
by exchange rate parameter
Damage zone of tactical ballistic missiles of the "Lance-2" type, km:
far border
maximum height
Firing range at surface targets, km
Firing range at ground targets, km
Maximum speed of targets hit, m/s
Number of simultaneously fired targets by one air defense system
Probability of being hit by one missile:
aerodynamic purposes
tactical ballistic missiles
Harm-type anti-radar missiles
cruise missiles	not lower than 0.4	not lower than 0.4
Reaction time, s
Deployment time, min.
Time of transition from standby mode to combat mode, s
Loading time of the self-propelled gun, min.

The development of the Buk complex was started according to the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972 and provided for the use of cooperation between developers and manufacturers, the basic composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub air defense system. At the same time, the development of the M-22 Uragan air defense system for the Navy was determined using a missile defense system common to the Buk complex.

The military air defense system "Buk" was intended to fight in radio countermeasures against aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m/s, at medium and low altitudes, maneuvering with overloads of up to 10-12 units, at ranges up to 30 km, and in the future - with Lance ballistic missiles.

Developers of the complex and its systems

The developer of the Buk air defense system as a whole was identified as the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (General Director V.K. Grishin). The chief designer of the 9K37 complex as a whole was appointed A.A. Rastov, the command post (CP) 9S470 - G.N. Valaev (then - V.I. Sokiran), the self-propelled firing systems (SOU) 9A38 - V.V. Matyashev, semi-active Doppler homing head 9E50 for missiles - I.G. Akopyan.

Launch-loading units (PZU) 9A39 were created at the Start Machine-Building Design Bureau (MCB) under the leadership of A.I. Yaskina. Unified tracked chassis for the complex's combat vehicles were created at OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant by a team headed by N.A. Astrov. The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk machine-building design bureau "Novator" headed by L.V. Lyulev. The detection and target designation station (SOTs) 9S18 (“Dome”) was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments under the leadership of chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (then Yu.P. Shchekotov).

In the west the complex received the designation SA-11 "Gadfly".

Compound

The Buk air defense system includes the following combat weapons:

• SAM 9M38;
• Command post 9S470;
• Detection and target designation station 9S18 "Dome";
• Self-propelled firing system 9A310;
• Start-loading installation 9A39.

SAM 9M38

The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile is made using a dual-mode solid fuel engine (total operating time is about 15 seconds), according to a normal aerodynamic configuration with “X” placement of low aspect ratio wings.

In the front part of the missile, a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power supplies and a warhead are successively located. To reduce the dispersion of alignment over flight time, the combustion chamber of the solid propellant rocket engine is located closer to the middle of the rocket and the nozzle block includes an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located. The rocket has no parts that separate during flight. A new seeker with a combined control system was developed for the rocket. The complex implemented homing missiles using the proportional navigation method. The warhead is a high-explosive fragmentation type.

Command post 9S470

The 9S470 command post located on the GM-579 chassis provided:

• receiving, displaying and processing information about targets received from the 9S18 detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts;
• selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing installations in manual and automatic modes, setting their sectors of responsibility, displaying information about the presence of missiles on them and on launch-loading installations, about the letters of the illumination transmitters of self-propelled firing installations, about their work on targets, about operating modes of the detection and target designation station;
• organizing the operation of the complex in conditions of interference and the enemy’s use of anti-radar missiles;
• documentation of work and training in calculation of CP.

The command post processed messages about 46 targets at altitudes of up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km per review cycle of the detection and target designation station and issued up to 6 target designations to self-propelled firing systems with an accuracy of 1° in azimuth and elevation, 400-700 m in range.
The weight of the command post with a combat crew of 6 people did not exceed 28 tons.

Detection and target designation station 9S18 ("Dome")

Three-coordinate coherent-pulse detection and target designation station 9S18 (“Dome”) of the centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in a sector according to the elevation angle (set to 30° or 40°) and mechanical (circular or in a given sector) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (using an electric drive or hydraulic drive) was designed to detect and identify air targets at ranges of up to 110-120 km (45 km at a flight altitude of 30 m) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 control post.

The rate of viewing the space, depending on the established sector in elevation and the presence of interference, ranged from 4.5 to 18 s for all-round viewing and from 2.5 to 4.5 s for viewing in a 30° sector. Radar information was transmitted via telecode line to the 9S470 control panel in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (4.5 s). The root mean square errors (RMS) of measuring target coordinates were: no more than 20" - in azimuth and elevation, no more than 130m - in range, range resolution no worse than 300m, in azimuth and elevation - 4°.

To protect against targeted interference, we used tuning of the carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, from response ones - the same and blanking of range intervals along the auto-recording channel, from non-synchronous pulses - changing the slope of linear-frequency modulation and blanking of range sections. With noise barrage interference from self-cover and external cover at specified levels, the detection and target designation station ensured detection of a fighter aircraft at a distance of at least 50 km. The station ensured tracking of targets with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of local objects and in passive interference using a moving target selection circuit with automatic wind speed compensation. The station was protected from anti-radar missiles by implementing a software tuning of the carrier frequency in 1.3 s, switching to circular polarization of the sounding signals or to the intermittent radiation (flicker) mode.

The station included an antenna post consisting of a reflector with a truncated parabolic profile, a feed in the form of a full-flow line that provides electronic scanning of the beam in the elevation plane, a rotating device, a device for folding the antenna into the stowed position; transmitting device (with an average power of up to 3.5 kW); receiving device (with a noise figure of no more than 8) and other systems.

The time for transferring the station from the traveling position to the combat position was no more than 5 minutes, and from standby mode to working mode - no more than 20 seconds. The mass of the station with a crew of 3 people is no more than 28.5 tons.

Self-propelled firing system 9A310

The transfer time from traveling to combat position was no more than 5 minutes. The time for transferring the installation from standby mode to operating mode, in particular, after changing the position with the equipment turned on, was no more than 20 s. Loading a 9A310 self-propelled firing system with four missiles from a launcher-loading installation was carried out in 12 minutes, and from a transport vehicle in 16 minutes.

The weight of a self-propelled firing system with a combat crew of 4 people did not exceed 32.4 tons. The length of the self-propelled firing system was 9.3 m, width - 3.25 m (9.03 m in working position), height - 3.8 m (7.72 m).

Launch-loading installation 9A39

The 9A39 launcher-loading unit, located on the GM-577 chassis, was intended for transporting and storing eight missiles (4 each on the launcher and on fixed cradle), launching 4 missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradle, self-loading with eight missiles from a transport vehicle ( in 26 minutes), from ground cradles and from transport containers, loading and unloading a self-propelled firing system with four missiles. In addition to the launching device with a power servo drive, a crane and cradle, the launch-loading installation included a digital computer, navigation, topographical and orientation equipment, telecode communication, energy supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation with a combat crew of 3 people is no more than 35.5 tons.
The length of the launch-loading installation was 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.

Performance characteristics

Damage zone, km: - by range - in height - by parameter	3,5..25-30 0,025..18-20 before 18
Probability of hitting a target with one missile - fighter type - helicopter type - cruise missile type	0,8..0,9 0,3..0,6 0,25..0,5
Maximum speed of targets hit m/s	800
Reaction time, s:	22
SAM flight speed, m/s	850
Rocket mass, kg	685
Weight of warhead, kg	70
Rocket length, m	5.55
Case diameter, m	0.4
Starting weight, kg	685
Warhead weight, kg;	70
Channel by target	2
SAM channel	3
Expansion (collapse) time, min	5
Number of missiles on a combat vehicle	4

Testing and operation

Joint tests of the Buk complex with its full set of equipment were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Emben test site (head of the test site V.V. Zubarev) under the leadership of a commission headed by Yu.N. Pervov.

The command post of the complex received information about the air situation from the command post of the anti-aircraft missile system "Buk" (ASU "Polyana-D4") and from the detection and target designation station, processed it and issued it to self-propelled firing units, which searched and captured targets for automatic tracking. Upon entry The missiles were launched into the affected area. The missiles were guided using the proportional navigation method, which ensures high accuracy of pointing at the target. When approaching the target, the seeker issued a command to the radio fuse for close arming. When approaching the target at a distance of 17 m, the warhead was detonated on command. If the radio fuse did not activate, the missile defense system self-destructed, and if the target was not hit, a second missile defense system was launched at it.

Compared to previous systems of similar purposes (Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 air defense systems), the Buk complex had higher combat and operational characteristics and provided:

• simultaneous firing by a division of up to six targets, and, if necessary, carrying out up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
• greater reliability of target detection due to the organization of a joint survey of space by a detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing systems;
• increased noise immunity due to the use of an on-board seeker computer and a special type of illumination signal;
• greater efficiency in hitting a target due to the increased power of the missile defense warhead.

Based on the results of firing tests and modeling, it was determined that the Buk air defense system provides fire at non-maneuvering targets flying at speeds of up to 800 m/s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, at ranges from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at target speeds up to 300 m/s) with a course parameter of up to 18 km with a probability of hitting one missile defense equal to 0.7-0.8. When firing at targets maneuvering with overloads of up to 8 units, the probability of defeat was reduced to 0.6.

Organizationally, the Buk air defense missile systems were consolidated into anti-aircraft missile brigades, which included: a command post (the brigade's combat control point from the Polyana-D4 automated control system), four anti-aircraft missile divisions with their own 9S470 command posts, a 9S18 detection and target designation station, a communications platoon and three anti-aircraft missile batteries with two 9A310 self-propelled firing systems and one 9A39 launcher-loader each, as well as technical support and maintenance units.

The Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade was to be controlled from the army's air defense command post.

The Buk complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the North in 1980.

The self-propelled military air defense system "Buk" (SA-11 "Gadfly") is designed to combat maneuvering aerodynamic targets at low and medium altitudes, in conditions of radio countermeasures, and in the future - against Lance-type ballistic missiles.

Development, which began in 1972, involved the use of cooperation between developers and manufacturers, previously involved in the creation of the Kub air defense system. At the same time, the development of the M-22 (“Hurricane”) air defense system for the Navy was determined using the same missile defense system as the “Buk” complex.

The developer of the Buk (9K37) air defense system was generally identified as the Instrument Engineering Research Institute of the Phazotron Research and Design Association. A. A. Rastov was appointed chief designer of the complex.

The development of missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk machine-building design bureau "Novator" headed by L.V. Lyulev. The detection and target designation station (STS) was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments under the leadership of chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (then Yu.P. Shchekotov).

Launch-loading units (PZU) were created at the Start machine-building design bureau under the leadership of A.I. Yaskin.

A set of technical support and maintenance equipment on a vehicle chassis was also developed for the complex.

Completion of the development of the complex was planned for 1975.

However, in 1974, it was decided to create the Buk air defense system in two stages. It was initially proposed to rapidly develop a missile defense system and a self-propelled firing system for the Buk air defense system, capable of launching both 9M38 missiles and 3M9MZ missiles from the Kub-M3 complex. On this basis, using other means of the Kub-M3 complex, it was planned to create the Buk-1 (9K37-1) air defense system, ensuring its entry into joint testing in September 1974, maintaining the previously prescribed volumes and timing of work on the Buk complex » in full specified composition.

For the Buk-1 air defense system, it was envisaged that each of the five anti-aircraft missile batteries of the Kub-M3 regiment, in addition to one self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance installation and four self-propelled launchers, would have one 9A38 self-propelled firing system from the Buk air defense system. . Thus, due to the use of a self-propelled firing system costing about 30% of the cost of all other battery assets in the Kub-MZ anti-aircraft missile regiment, the number of target channels increased from 5 to 10, and the number of combat-ready missiles - from 60 to 75.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system, placed on the GM-569 tracked chassis, seemed to combine the functions of a self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system and a self-propelled launcher used as part of the Kub-M3 air defense system. It provided search in a designated sector, detection and acquisition of a target for auto-tracking, solution of pre-launch tasks, launch and homing of three missiles (9M38 or 3M9MZ) located on it, as well as three 3M9MZ missiles located on one of the self-propelled launchers 2P25MZ air defense missile system associated with it "Kub-M3Z". The combat operation of a self-propelled fire installation could be carried out both with control and target designation from a self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance installation, and autonomously.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system includes a 9S35 radar station, a digital computer system, a launcher with a power tracking drive, a ground-based radar interrogator operating in the Password identification system, a television-optical sight, telecode communication equipment with a self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance installation, equipment wired communication with a self-propelled launcher, an autonomous power supply system based on a gas turbine generator, navigation, topographical and orientation equipment, a life support system.

The mass of a self-propelled firing system with a combat crew of four people is 34 tons.

Advances in the development of microwave devices, quartz and electromechanical filters, and digital computers (DCs) have made it possible to combine the functions of target detection, tracking, and target illumination stations into the 9S35 radar. The station operates in the centimeter wavelength range using a single antenna and two transmitters - pulsed and continuous radiation. The first transmitter was used to detect and auto-track a target in a quasi-continuous radiation mode or, if difficulties arose with unambiguous range determination, in a pulse mode with pulse compression (using linear frequency modulation), the second transmitter (continuous radiation) was used to illuminate the target and the missile defense system. The station's antenna system conducts a sector search using an electromechanical method, target tracking by angular coordinates and range is carried out using a monopulse method, and signal processing is carried out by a digital computer. The width of the antenna pattern of the target tracking channel is 1.3° in azimuth and 2.5° in elevation, and the width of the illumination channel is 1.4° in azimuth and 2.65° in elevation. The search sector review time (120° in azimuth and 6-7° in elevation) in autonomous mode is 4 s, in control mode (10° in azimuth and 7° in elevation) - 2 s.

The average transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel when using quasi-continuous signals is at least 1 kW, and when using signals with linear frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the target illumination transmitter is at least 2 kW. The noise figure of the station's survey and direction-finding receivers did not exceed 10 dB. The radar transition time from standby mode to combat mode is no more than 20 s. The station is capable of unambiguously determining the speed of a target with an accuracy of -20... + 10 m/s. Selection of moving targets is ensured. Maximum errors in range do not exceed 175 m, root-mean-square errors in measuring angular coordinates - no more than 0.5 d.u. The radar is protected from active, passive and combined interference. The equipment of the self-propelled firing system ensures that the launch of missile defense systems is blocked when accompanied by a friendly aircraft or helicopter.

The 9A38 self-propelled firing system has a launcher with interchangeable guides for either three 3M9MZ missiles or three 9M38 missiles.

The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile is single-stage, has a dual-mode solid propellant engine (total operating time is about 15 s). The rejection of the ramjet engine was explained both by the instability of its operation at high angles of attack and high resistance in the passive part of the trajectory, and by the complexity of its development, which largely determined the delay in the creation of the “Cube” complex. Metal is used in the power structure of the engine chamber.

The general design of the missile - normal, X-shaped, with a low aspect ratio wing - was externally reminiscent of American ship-based anti-aircraft missiles of the Tartar and Standard families, which corresponded to the strict dimensional restrictions when using the 9M38 missile defense system in the M-22 complex, developed for the Soviet fleet.

In the front part of the missile, a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power supplies and a warhead are successively located. To reduce the spread of alignment over flight time, the combustion chamber of the solid propellant rocket engine is located closer to the middle of the rocket, the nozzle block includes an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located.

The smaller diameter of the front compartment of the rocket (330 mm) in relation to the engine and tail compartment is determined by the continuity of a number of elements of the 3M9 rocket. A new seeker with a combined control system was developed for the rocket. The complex implements self-guidance of missiles using the proportional navigation method.

The 9M38 missile defense system can hit targets at altitudes from 25 m to 18-20 km at ranges from 3.5 to 25-32 km. The rocket has a flight speed of 1000 m/s and can maneuver with overloads of up to 19g.

The mass of the rocket is 685 kg, including the warhead - 70 kg.

The design of the 9M38 missile ensures its delivery to the troops in a transport container in a fully equipped form, as well as operation without inspections and routine maintenance for 10 years.

Tests of the Buk-1 air defense system took place from August 1975 to October 1976.

As a result of the tests, the detection range of self-propelled firing system radar aircraft in autonomous mode was obtained from 65 to 77 km at altitudes of more than 3000 m, which at low altitudes (30-100 m) decreased to 32-41 km. Helicopters at low altitudes were detected at a distance of 21-35 km. In the centralized mode of operation, due to the limited capabilities of the 1S91M2 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit issuing target designations, the aircraft detection range was reduced to 44 km for targets at altitudes of 3000-7000 m and to 21-28 km at low altitudes.

The operating time of the self-propelled firing system in autonomous mode (from target detection to missile launch) was 24-27 s. The loading and unloading time for three 3M9MZ or 9M38 missiles was about 9 minutes.

When firing 9M38 missiles, the destruction of aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 km was ensured at a range of 3.4 to 20.5 km, and at an altitude of 30 m - from 5 to 15.4 km. The affected area ranged from 30 m to 14 km in height, and 18 km in terms of heading. The probability of an aircraft being hit by one 9M38 missile was 0.70-0.93.

The complex was put into service in 1978. Due to the fact that the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 missile defense system were means that only complemented the Kub-MZ air defense system, the complex was named “Kub-M4” (2K12M4).

The Kub-M4 complexes that appeared in the air defense forces made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of air defense of tank divisions of the ground forces of the Soviet Army.

Joint tests of the Buk complex in its full specified composition were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979.

The Buk air defense systems had the following characteristics.

The 9S470 command post located on the GM-579 chassis provided: reception, display and processing of target information received from the 9S18 detection and target designation station and six 9A310 self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts; selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing systems in manual and automatic modes, setting their sectors of responsibility, displaying information about the presence of missiles on them and on launch-loading installations; about the letters of the illumination transmitters of self-propelled firing systems, about their work on targets; about the operating modes of the detection and target designation station; organizing the operation of the complex in conditions of interference and the enemy’s use of anti-radar missiles; documentation of work and training in calculation of CP. The command post processed messages about 46 targets at altitudes up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km per review cycle of the detection and target designation station and issued up to 6 target designations to self-propelled firing systems with an accuracy of 1 ° in azimuth and elevation, 400-700 m in range . The weight of the command post with a combat crew of 6 people did not exceed 28 tons. The command post has bulletproof and anti-radiation protection and is capable of speeds on the road of up to 65 km/h, and on rough terrain - up to 45 km/h. Power reserve - 500 km.

The detection and target designation station 9S18 (“Dome”) is a three-coordinate coherent-pulse station that operates in the centimeter wavelength range, has electronic scanning of the beam in elevation (in a sector of 30 or 40°) and mechanical (circular or in a given sector) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (with using an electric or hydraulic drive). The station is designed to detect and identify air targets at ranges of up to 110-120 km (45 km at a flight altitude of 30 m) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 control post.

The rate of viewing the space, depending on the established sector in elevation and the presence of interference, ranged from 4.5 to 18 s for all-round viewing and from 2.5 to 4.5 s for viewing in a 30° sector. Radar information is transmitted via telecode line to the 9S470 control unit in the amount of 75 marks per review period (4.5 s).

The root mean square errors (RMS) of measuring target coordinates were: no more than 20" in azimuth and elevation, no more than 130 m in range. Resolution in range is no worse than 300 m, in azimuth and elevation - 4°. For protection against targeted interference was used to adjust the carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, from response - the same and blanking of range intervals along the auto-recording channel, from non-synchronous pulses, changing the slope of linear frequency modulation and blanking of range sections. In case of noise barrage of self-covering and external covering of given levels, the detection and target designation station ensures detection of fighter aircraft at a distance of at least 50 km. The station ensures tracking of targets with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of local objects and in passive interference using a moving target selection circuit with automatic wind speed compensation. The station is protected from anti-radar missiles using software adjustment carrier frequency in 1.3 s, transition to circular polarization of probing signals or to intermittent radiation (flicker) mode.

The station includes an antenna post consisting of a reflector with a truncated parabolic profile, an irradiator in the form of a waveguide line that provides electronic scanning of the beam in the elevation plane, a rotating device, a device for folding the antenna into the stowed position, a transmitting device (with an average power of up to 3.5 kW) , receiving device (with a noise figure of no more than 8) and other systems. All station equipment was located on a modified self-propelled chassis of the SU 1 OOP family. The difference between the tracked base of the detection and target designation station and the chassis of other combat vehicles of the Buk air defense system was determined by the fact that the Kupol radar was initially designed for development outside the air defense system as a means of detecting the divisional air defense unit of the ground.

The time for transferring the station from the traveling position to the combat position is no more than 5 minutes, and from standby mode to working mode - no more than 20 seconds. The mass of the station with a crew of 3 people is no more than 28.5 tons.

The 9A310 self-propelled firing system in its purpose and design differed from the 9A38 self-propelled firing system of the Kub-M4 (Buk-1) air defense system in that, using a telecode line, it was not interfaced with the 1S91MZ self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system and the P25MZ self-propelled launcher, and with a 9S470 gearbox and a 9A39 launcher-loading unit. In addition, on the launcher of the 9A310 self-propelled firing system there were not three, but four 9M38 missiles. The time it takes to transfer it from traveling to combat position does not exceed 5 minutes. The time for transferring the installation from standby mode to operating mode, in particular, after changing the position with the equipment turned on, is no more than 20 s. Loading a 9A310 self-propelled firing system with four missiles from a launcher-loading installation was carried out in 12 minutes, and from a transport vehicle in 16 minutes. The weight of a self-propelled firing system with a combat crew of 4 people did not exceed 32.4 tons.

The length of the self-propelled firing system is 9.3 m, width is 3.25 m (9.03 m in working position), height is 3.8 m (7.72 m).

The 9A39 launcher-loading unit, located on the GM-577 chassis, is designed for transporting and storing eight missiles (4 each on the launcher and on fixed cradle), launching four missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradle, self-loading eight missiles from a transport vehicle ( in 26 minutes), from ground cradles and from transport containers, loading and unloading a self-propelled firing system with four missiles. Thus, the launch-loading installation of the Buk air defense system combined the functions of a transport-loading vehicle and a self-propelled launcher of the Kub complex. In addition to the launching device with a power servo drive, a crane and cradle, the launch-loading installation included a digital computer, navigation, topographical and orientation equipment, telecode communication, energy supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation with a combat crew of 3 people does not exceed 35.5 tons.

The length of the launch-loading installation is 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.

The command post of the complex receives information about the air situation from the command post of the Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade (ASU Polyana-D4) and from the detection and target designation station, processes it and issues target designation to self-propelled firing units, which, according to the control center, search and capture automatic target tracking. When targets enter the affected area, a missile defense system is launched. Missile guidance is carried out using the proportional navigation method, which ensures high accuracy of targeting. When approaching the target, the seeker issues a command to the radio fuse for close arming. When approaching a target at a distance of 17 m, the warhead is detonated upon command. If the radio fuse fails to operate, the missile defense system will self-destruct. If the target is not hit, a second missile defense system is launched at it.

Compared to the Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 air defense systems, the Buk complex has higher combat and operational characteristics and provides: simultaneous firing by a division of up to six targets, and, if necessary, the performance of up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled firing installations; greater reliability of target detection due to the organization of a joint survey of space by a detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing systems; increased noise immunity due to the use of an on-board seeker computer and a special type of illumination signal; greater efficiency in hitting a target due to the increased power of the missile defense warhead.

Based on the results of firing tests and modeling, it was determined that the Buk air defense system provides fire at non-maneuvering targets flying at speeds of up to 800 m/s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, at ranges from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at target speeds up to 300 m/s) with a heading parameter of up to 18 km with a probability of hitting one missile defense equal to 0.7-0.8. When firing at targets maneuvering with overloads up to 8g, the probability of defeat was reduced to 0.6.

Organizationally, the Buk air defense systems were consolidated into anti-aircraft missile brigades, which included: CP (combat control point of the brigade from the Polyana-D4 automated control system); four anti-aircraft missile battalions with their own 9S470 command post, 9S18 detection and target designation station, communications platoon and three anti-aircraft missile batteries with two 9A310 self-propelled firing systems and one 9A39 launcher-loader in each; as well as technical support and maintenance units. The Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade was to be controlled from the army's air defense command post.

The Buk complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the North in 1980. Serial production of the Buk air defense systems was mastered in cooperation involved in the Kub-M4 complex.

Damage zones of the Buk-M 1 -2 air defense system

In 1979, the Buk air defense system was modernized in order to increase its combat capabilities and protect its electronic equipment from interference and anti-radar missiles. As a result of tests carried out in 1982, it was found that the modernized Buk-M1 complex, compared to the Buk air defense system, provides a larger aircraft engagement zone, is capable of shooting down ALCM cruise missiles with a probability of hitting one missile system of at least 0.4, Hugh-Cobra helicopters with a probability of 0.6-0.7, as well as hovering helicopters with a probability of 0.3-0.4 at a range from 3.5 to 6-10 km. The self-propelled firing system uses 72 letter illumination frequencies (instead of 36), which contributes to increased protection from mutual and intentional interference. Recognition of three classes of targets is provided: aircraft, ballistic missiles, helicopters. The 9S470M1 command post, in comparison with the 9S470 command post, provides simultaneous reception of information from its own detection and target designation station and about six targets from the air defense control post of a motorized rifle (tank) division or from the army air defense command post, as well as comprehensive training of all crews of air defense missile systems. The 9A310M1 self-propelled firing system, compared to the 9A310 installation, provides target detection and acquisition for auto tracking at long ranges (25-30%), as well as recognition of aircraft, ballistic missiles and helicopters with a probability of at least 0.6.

The complex uses a more advanced detection and target designation station 9S18M1 (“Kupol-M1”), which has a flat angular phased array and a self-propelled tracked chassis GM567M, the same type as the chassis of the KP, self-propelled firing installation and launch-loading installation. The length of the detection and target designation station is 9.59 m, width - 3.25 m, height - 3.25 m (8.02 m in working position), weight - 35 tons. The Buk-M1 complex provides effective organizational and technical measures for protection against anti-radar missiles. The combat assets of the Buk-M1 complex are interchangeable with the same type of combat assets of the Buk air defense system without modifications; the standard organization of combat formations and technical units is similar to the Buk complex. The technological equipment of the complex includes: 9V95M1E - an automated control and testing mobile station machine on a ZIL-131 and a trailer; 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 - repair and maintenance vehicles for “Ural-43203-1012”; 9V881E - maintenance vehicle “Ural-43203-1012”; 9T229 - transport vehicle for 8 missiles (or six containers with missiles) on the KrAZ-255B; 9T31M - truck crane; MTO-ATG-M1 - maintenance workshop for ZIL-131.

The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the Army in 1983. In the same year, the Navy M-22 Uragan air defense system, unified with the Buk air defense system according to the 9M38 missile system, also entered service. Complexes of the Buk family were offered for delivery abroad under the name Gang.

During the Oborona-92 exercise, the Buk family of air defense systems successfully fired at targets based on the R-17 and Zvezda ballistic missiles and on the Smerch MLRS missile.

In December 1992, the President of the Russian Federation signed a decree on further modernization of the Buk complex - the creation of an air defense system, which was repeatedly presented at various international exhibitions under the name Ural. Cooperation of enterprises led by NIIP named after. V.V. Tikhonravova in 1994-97. work was carried out to create the Buk-M1-2 air defense system.

Through the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other means of the complex, for the first time it is possible to destroy tactical ballistic missiles of the Lance type and aircraft missiles at ranges of up to 20 km, elements of precision weapons, surface ships at ranges of up to 25 km and ground targets (aircraft at airfields, launch installations, large command posts) at ranges up to 15 km. Increased effectiveness of destruction of aircraft, helicopters and wings

armored missiles. The boundaries of the affected zones have been increased to 45 km in range and up to 25 km in altitude. The new missile provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar seeker with guidance using the proportional navigation method. The launch mass of the rocket was 710-720 kg with a warhead mass of 50-70 kg. The new 9M317 missile differed in appearance from the 9M38 by a significantly shorter wing chord length. In addition to the use of an improved missile, it is planned to introduce into the complex a new radar for illuminating targets and guiding missiles with the antenna placed in the working position at a height of up to 22 m using a telescopic device. With the introduction of target illumination and guidance radars, the complex's combat capabilities to engage low-flying targets, in particular modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.

The complex provides for the presence of command posts and firing sections of two types: four sections, each of which includes one advanced self-propelled firing unit, carrying four missiles and capable of simultaneously firing up to four targets, and one launch-loading unit with eight missiles; two sections, each of which includes one illumination and guidance radar, also capable of providing simultaneous fire at up to four targets, and two launch-loading installations with eight missiles on each.

The complex is being developed in two versions: mobile on tracked vehicles of the GM569 family, similar to those used in previous modifications of the Buk complex, and also transportable on road trains with semi-trailers and KrAZ vehicles. In the latter option, with a slight reduction in cost, the maneuverability indicators deteriorate and the deployment time of the air defense system from the march increases from 5 to 10-15 minutes.

In particular, the Start MKB, while carrying out work to modernize the Buk-M complex (Buk-M 1-2 and Buk-M2 air defense systems), developed the 9P619 launcher and the 9A316 launcher-loading installation on a tracked chassis, and also a 9A318 launcher on a wheeled chassis. The process of development of the Kub and Buk families of air defense systems is an excellent example of the evolutionary development of weapons and military equipment, ensuring a continuous increase in the combat capabilities of the air defense of ground forces at relatively low costs. Unfortunately, this development path also creates the preconditions for a gradual technical lag. In particular, even in the promising versions of the Buk complex, neither the safest and most reliable scheme for continuous operation of a missile in a transport and launch container, nor the all-aspect vertical launch of missiles, introduced in all other second-generation ground forces air defense systems, were used. And yet, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of weapons development must be considered as practically the only possible one, and the choice made by the customer and the developers of the Kub and Buk air defense systems as the correct one. The air defense system is in service with Finland, India, Russia, Syria, and Yugoslavia.

TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Designed to protect ground facilities and troops from air strikes, including defense against cruise missiles. The air defense missile system is known in international indexing as 9K317. According to the American classification, the complex is designated SA-17 Grizzly or simply “Grizzly-17”.

History of creation

Initially, there was controversy about the development of only the 9K37 project, but over time, military engineers proposed more powerful modifications. Their goal was to hit up to 24 targets simultaneously. The Buk M2 project (photos of the complex can be seen in this article) was launched. During the first year of development, Russian designers managed to achieve amazing results. The once invulnerable F-15 aircraft became an easy target for the 9K317, even at a distance of 40 km. The range of destruction of cruise missiles has increased to 26 km.

One of the main advantages of the complex was the time it took to deploy and fire. The first indicator was only 5 minutes, and the rate of fire was 4 seconds for 1 projectile at a speed of up to 1100 m/s. This complex was immediately adopted by the Soviet Union. However, since the early 1990s, widespread production has been stopped due to the difficult economic situation in the country after the air defense system joined the ranks of the Russian air defense in 2008.

Development Features

The Buk M2 complex is a highly mobile and multifunctional air defense system with a medium range. It is designed to destroy strategic and combat helicopters, missiles and other aerodynamic devices). The 9K317 is capable of withstanding enemy forces even under continuous fire attack.

The main developer of the impact machine is the famous designer of the Research Institute of Instrumentation E. Pigin. Under his leadership, the air defense missile system received an independent implementation project. Previously, the development of the complex was intended to partially replace the unusable Kub mobile anti-aircraft installations. The fundamental difference from the Buk M1 was the introduction of the new universal 9M317 missile into the BC.

For a long time, the M2 model remained without modification. And only in 2008 the complex was improved. Gradually, export variations with the letter “E” at the end of the codification began to appear.

Performance characteristics

The total combat weight of the vehicle is 35.5 tons. At the same time, the crew is limited to only 3 people. The complex is lined with bulletproof armor. In terms of performance characteristics, the Buk M2 is, first of all, distinguished by its engine power, which is 710 hp. This makes it possible to travel at speeds of up to 45 km/h over rough terrain. The transport part is represented by wheeled or tracked chassis.

The characteristics of the combat configuration of the Buk M2 are surprising. The air defense system can fire both under the control of operators and autonomously. In turn, the command post processes data on the air situation simultaneously for 50 targets in a matter of seconds. Detection and identification are carried out by special stations SOC, RPN and SOU.

When fully equipped, the air defense system provides simultaneous fire at 24 aircraft at altitudes from 150 m to 25 km. The range of hitting targets at a speed of 830 m/s is up to 40 km, at 300 m/s - up to 50 km. Ballistic and cruise missiles will be easily neutralized at a distance of up to 20,000 m.

One of the striking advantages of the complex is its shooting accuracy. The probability of hitting aircraft is 95%, missiles - 80%, light helicopters - 40%. The response time of the air defense system is also noted - only 10 seconds. Defensive means include aerosol curtains, laser sensors and radiation screens.

Data exchange between SAM stations is provided via two-wire lines or a radio signal.

Characteristics of hitting targets

The Buk M2 air defense system is capable of neutralizing enemy aircraft moving at speeds of up to 830 m/s. However, according to experts, the optimal indicator of damage with the highest probability is 420 m/s. As for the minimum speed threshold, it varies between 48-50 m/s. The modernized model of the complex, produced in 2008, is integrated with the ability to destroy aircraft flying at speeds of up to 1200 m/s.

An important characteristic during an attack is the identification of the enemy. Thus, the Buk M2 can detect reflective surfaces of aircraft with an area of ​​2 square meters. m., rockets - from 0.05 sq. m.

During a maneuver, the air defense system is capable of attacking 10 aerodynamic units at once.

Combat and tactical means

The base is equipped with one 3S510 command post, a target designation and detection station with the 9S18M1-3 codification, from 4 to 6 upgraded 9S36 guidance and illumination radars, up to 6 9A317 self-propelled strike systems, 6 or 12 9A316 launch-charging systems. The 9M317 series anti-aircraft guided missile received special attention.

The Buk M2 provides the possibility of using shock sections based on SDA, ROM and on-load tap-changer. They provide simultaneous shelling of 4 objects at a relief height of up to 20 m. The basic and export configuration of the air defense system contains 2 such sections, and the modernized version has 4.

Changing the home position requires no more than 20 seconds. In this case, the readiness time for each section varies from 5 to 15 minutes.

Firepower

The 9M317 missile is the most formidable weapon of the Buk M2 air defense system. The missile attack range is 50 km. Moreover, the missile is capable of destroying a target hovering in the air at an altitude of 25 km. The installation integrates an inertial control system with a semi-active radar seeker version 9E420. The rocket itself has a mass of 715 kg. The flight speed is 1230 m/s. The wingspan reaches 0.86 m. The explosion covers a radius of 17 m.

The complex also includes the 9A317 tracked unit. It allows you to timely detect, recognize and monitor an air target. After analyzing the type, the 9A317 develops a solution to the destruction problem and launches the missile. During the flight, the installation not only transmits commands to the warhead, but also preliminarily evaluates the results of the attack. Fire can be conducted autonomously in a given sector or as part of an air defense system after indicating the target from the command post.

The radar station of the 9A317 installation has a phased array antenna with electron beam scanning capability. This allows you to detect targets at a distance of 20 km with a maneuver angle of up to 70 degrees. The station is capable of scanning 10 objects simultaneously. Shelling can be carried out on 4 highest priority targets. The installation is also equipped with an optical system for television and matrix channels. This allows you to monitor the airspace under any climatic conditions and radio interference. The weight of the installation is 35 tons. In combat configuration - 4 missiles.

The 9A316 launching and charging system is based on a tracked chassis. During transportation, it is towed on a wheeled trailer. Its mass is 38 tons. The package includes 8 launch rockets. The system has a built-in self-charging device.

Controls and controls

Fundamental to the air defense system is the command post with codification 9С510. It is based on the GM597 series tracked chassis. Transportation over long distances is carried out by a KrAZ tractor on a wheeled semi-trailer. The checkpoint serves up to 60 destinations. The maximum number of targets under investigation is up to 36. The item includes 6 controlled sections, the reaction time of which varies within 2 seconds. The weight of the 9S510 is 30 tons when fully equipped. The crew consists of 6 people.

The 9S36 radar is equipped with an antenna installation rising to a height of 22 m, which ensures localization and identification of targets even in wooded areas. The radar is based on an electronic phased array scanner. The station moves on a tracked chassis. Target detection is possible in a range of up to 120 km. It is worth noting that the tracking radius is up to 35 km. Simultaneous tracking of 10 objects at wind speeds up to 32 m/s. Crew capacity is up to 4 people.

The 9S18M1-3 radar is a 3-coordinate pulse-coherent centimeter range surveillance unit. Based on an electronic beam scanner of a vertical plane. The radar is designed to study airspace. The received data is instantly transmitted via telecode line to the command post for subsequent processing. A waveguide phased array antenna is used. Target detection azimuth is 360 degrees at a range of 160 km. The installation is based on tracked chassis. Weight - 30 tons.

Applications and capabilities

Modern 9K317s are capable of delivering intense strikes against unmanned high-speed warheads from several directions at once. The complex meets such important criteria as mobility, versatility, fire performance, instant response, attack variability, and autonomy of detection and defense systems.

Most often, air defense systems are used to protect particularly significant facilities and troop locations. 9K317 is capable of solving a wide range of tasks. This makes it indispensable for reconnaissance or attacking the enemy from the air, even at extremely low altitudes.

The tasks of the air defense system include keeping enemy targets at the maximum distance from protected objects, eliminating interference, risk analysis, constructing an algorithm for a possible attack, etc.

Comparison of upgrades

The Buk M1 version entered service in 1982. The air defense system could shoot down aircraft with an accuracy of up to 60%, ALCM class cruise missiles - up to 40%, helicopters - up to 30%. Soon it became possible to intercept ballistic warheads. During the finalization in 1993, the 9M317 installation was introduced. For a long time, M1 devices remained out of reach in the international military space.

The newest version of the Buk M3 air defense system should be put into service only in the fall of 2015. After the success of the M2 model on the international stage, the Russian government allocated a large sum for the implementation of the modernized project. It is expected that the Buk M3 will be able to attack up to 36 targets, piloted at a speed of 3000 m/s. The recognition range will vary up to 70 km. Such results will be possible thanks to the updated 9M317M launcher and improved seeker.

Export release

The Russian Federation has about 300 air defense systems of the M2 model in service. Most of them are based at the Alkino and Kapustin Yar training grounds.

The largest number of exported Buk M2E are located in Syria. In 2011, 19 complexes were supplied to the local army from Russia.

Venezuela has 2 air defense systems on its balance sheet. It is unknown how many complexes Azerbaijan, Ukraine and Iraq have.

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