Weak type of declension of adjectives. Declension of adjectives

Hello friends. In German, if an adjective comes before a noun, it can decline (change endings) depending on the case, gender and number of the noun.

There are 3 declension schemes for German adjectives depending on the article before the noun:

1. weak declension (with the definite article),
2. strong declension (no article)
3. mixed declension (declension with an indefinite article).

Adjectives in German are declined if and only if they come before a noun:

red th table - rot er Tisch
red wow stolU - rot em Tisch

How can one understand which type of adjective is inclined in a particular case?

1. If an adjective comes before a noun without an accompanying word, then it is inflected according to the strong type.
2. If there is an accompanying word, but it ambiguously shows gender, number and case, then the adjective is declined according to the mixed type.
3. If there is an accompanying word and it clearly shows gender, number and case, then the adjective is declined according to the weak type.

Strong declination- this is declension without any article or words that perform the function of an article. In the strong declension, the ending of the adjective must indicate the case of the noun, and therefore coincides with the endings of definite articles.

Attention! The strong plural declension is also used if the adjective is preceded by:

• cardinal numbers (zwei, drei...);
• words viele, mehrere, einige, wenige.

The fact is that numerals (quantitative, i.e. zwei etc.) do not have case endings, just like ein paar. They require a strong inflection: Er kauft ein paar / zwei rote Äpfel (Akksuativ, plural). Words viele, mehrere, wenige, einige function as adjectives. They themselves must be declined and a strong declension must also be placed after them: Ich habe viele interessante Bücher (Akksuativ, plural).

Strong declension of adjectives table

Weak declination- this is declination with the definite article. In the weak declension, the adjective does not need to indicate the case of the noun, since this function is already performed by the definite article. Only 2 endings are used here: -en And -e.

In addition to definite articles, a number of other words require a weak declension of the word

• In all genders and numbers: dieser (this), jener (that), jeder (each), mancher (some), solcher (such), welcher (which);
• In plural ( Plural): possessive pronouns (meine, deine, etc.), keine (none), alle (all), beide (both), sämtliche (meaning alle).

(*)Don't forget that many nouns also change by case. You can read more in the rules for declension of nouns.

Please note that in 5 cases the singular ending is used -e. This Nominative(nominative case) and cases when the article coincides with the form of the nominative case: in Akkusativ feminine and neuter.

Weak declension of adjectives table

Mixed declension- this is declension with the indefinite article and similar words. Since the indefinite article is only in the singular, the mixed declension of adjectives exists only in the singular.

In addition to the indefinite article ( ein), mixed declension is used after:

• possessive pronouns ( mein, dein, sein, ihr, unser, euer) (except for plural);
• denial kein(except for plurals).

Sometimes the mixed declension is not separated into a separate group, since no new endings appear in the mixed declension: sometimes the endings of the strong and sometimes the weak declension are simply used. If the indefinite article (or words from the list above) indicates the case of a noun, then the adjective is used with a weak declension ending. Otherwise, the ending of the strong declination is taken.

For example, what in Nominative And Akkusativ The neuter form of the article/pronoun/negation is used ein/main/kein, which makes it impossible to understand what case/gender it is. For this reason, you need to use the strong declension ending here: ich lese ein gutes Buch / das ist ein neues Buch. But in the masculine gender Akkusativ after einen/meinen/keinen already the end of the weak declination: ich brauche einen neuen Kühlschrank.

Mixed declension of adjectives table

Declension of adjectives in German

1. For weak typedeclension of adjectives indicative ending-enin all case forms of the singular and plural, with the exception of the nominative singular of all three genders and the accusative case of the neuter and feminine singular:

Adjectives decline according toweak type

1. after the definite article der, das, die, die (plural);

2. and also after the following pronouns:

dieser, dieses, diese, diese (plural) - this., this, this, these;
jener, jenes, jene, jene (plural) - that, that, that, those;
jeder, jedes, jede - each (~oe, -th);
alle (plural) - everything;
mancher, manches, manche, manche(plural) - some, some;
solcher, solches, solche, solche (plural) - such (th, aya), such;
welcher, welches, welche, welche(plural) - which (th, -th), which:
derjenige, dasjenige, diejenige, diejenigen(plural) - -that (that, that) same (th, -th), those same ones;
derselbe, dasselbe, dieselbe, dieselben(plural) - that (that, that) same (th, -th), those same ones;
beide - both;
sämtliche - everything.

2. Endings of adjectives in declension strong type coincide with the corresponding endings of the definite article in both singular and plural, with the exception of the genitive case of the singular masculine and neuter:

By strong typeadjectives decline in caseabsence of an article or a pronoun replacing it. Strong declension endings are also given to plural adjectives after words:

andere, einige, etliche, folgende, mehrere, verschiedene, viele, wenige, as well as after cardinal numbers, for example: viele alte Bücher, das Ergebnis einiger wichtiger Treffen, drei kleine Jungen.

3. Indefinite articleein, and negative pronounkeinand possessive pronouns (mein, unser, etc.)have no endingin the nominative case of the singular masculine and neuter and in the accusative case of the singular neuter - the adjective in these cases receives endings of the strong type of declension, in all others - weak:

In the plural after a negative pronounkeinand possessive pronouns, adjectives are declined according to the weak type (see point I). Since there is no indefinite article in the plural, the adjective in this case receives endings of the strong type of declension (see paragraph II).

4. Substantivized adjectives are modified in accordance with the general rules for declension of adjectives:

After pronounsetwas, nichts, viel, wenigsubstantivized adjectives have the formsstrong declinations,
after alles, manches - weak, For example:

etwas Neues - alles Schöne

5. They do not decline in German:

1. adjectives lila, prima, rosa:

ein lila Pullover - lilac pullover
eine prima Idee - excellent idea
eine rosa Bluse - pink blouse.

2. adjectives, formed from city ​​names via suffix -er(always written with a capital letter):

die Dresdener Straßen - Dresden streets
die Berliner S-Bahn - Berlin S-Bahn road
der Hamburger Hafen - Hamburg port

3. adjectives formed from cardinal numbers via suffix -er And denoting a period of time:
die 40-er (vierziger) Jahre - forties

Adjectives in German are declined if and only if they come before a noun:

Krasn th table - rot er Tisch
red wow stolU - rot em Tisch

There are three types of adjective declension:

1. Strong declination.
2. Weak declination.
3. Mixed declension.

How can one understand which type of adjective is inclined in a particular case?

1. If an adjective comes before a noun without an accompanying word, then it is inflected according to the strong type.
2. If there is an accompanying word, but it ambiguously shows gender, number and case, then the adjective is declined according to the mixed type.
3. If there is an accompanying word and it clearly shows gender, number and case, then the adjective is declined according to the weak type.

Strong declination

IMPORTANT!
In the plural, the words: Viele (many), Einige (several), Wenige (few), Zweie, dreie usw (two, three, etc.) acquire a generic/case ending and do not affect the ending of the adjective ( both parts of speech end with the definite article):

Viel e gut e Eltern (Nom.) - many good parents
Viel e gut e Eltern (Akk.) - many good parents
Wenig en gut en Eltern (Dat.) - to few good parents
Einig er gut er Eltern (Gen.) - some good parents

Weak declension of adjectives

IMPORTANT!

1. In the plural, after the words alle (all), sämtliche (meaning alle) and beide (both) in all cases, adjectives have a neutral ending<-en>, while alle and beide also receive a case plural ending (the ending of the definite article).

Alle mein en Freunde (Nom.)
Alle dein en Freunde (Akk.)
All en dein en Freunde (Dat.)
All er sein en Freunden (Gen.)

2. The definite article, demonstrative pronoun and interrogative pronoun are mutually exclusive parts of speech and are not used simultaneously with the same noun:

Der gute Vater - Diese gute Mutter (correct)
Der dieser gute Vater - Jede die gute Mutter ( Not Right)

3. Different parts of speech can act as an accompanying word, but all of them clearly show the gender and number of the noun already in Nominativ.

NOTE!
In compound demonstrative pronouns (derselbe, derjenige...) the definite article is merged with the demonstrative word, which means both parts of the word are declined. In this case, the article part is declined as a definite article, and the adjective part as an adjective:

D er selb e gut e Film - the same good film
D ie selb en gut en Filme - the same good films

Mixed declension

IMPORTANT!
In the plural, the indefinite article EIN is not used.

Declension of homogeneous adjectives

Homogeneous adjectives standing in front of a noun are declined in the same way:

Ein klein es neu es Haus / Das klein e neu e Haus
Klein e neu e Hauser/Die klein en neu en Hauser

Declension of compound adjectives

When an adjective consists of several (it is a multi-root or compound word), the ending is placed only at the end of the word:

Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlich es Thema - strong declension
das mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlich e Thema - weak declension
ein mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlich es Thema - mixed declension

Declension of adjectives before substantivized adjectives

If in a sentence the adjective name describes a substantivized adjective (Der Deutsche, Die Kranke, Die Verwandten), then the ending of the definition is selected according to the general rule: either the adjective itself (definition) or the word accompanying it must determine the gender, number and case of the noun. Gender, number and case are shown once in a phrase. In this case, the substantivized adjective receives neutral endings<-е>or<-еn>:

Der Kranke - sick
Der arm e Krank e- poor patient
Ein e arm e Krank e- (some) poor patient
ein es arm en Krank en(Genitiv, “Whose?”) - one poor patient (m.r.)
ein er arm en Krank en(Genitiv, “Whose?”) - one poor patient (f.)

Exception! Singular Dativ. If the gender shows an adjective (that is, we have a strong declension), then the substantivized form will have a neutral ending:

Seems very difficult. Those who have studied English suffer especially: as you know, adjectives in it are not declined at all. However, if you compare the German language with the Russian language, then it turns out that everything is not so scary.

It is carried out in three main types, and the first has three more varieties: hard, soft and mixed declination. The latter has three more types depending on the last consonant in the root.

A detailed familiarization with the rules of the Russian language helps most language learners understand the German declension of adjectives faster and easier. After such an acquaintance, the German language seems simpler and more understandable, and there is even sympathy for those who are forced to learn this “terrible” Russian.

There is one fundamental difference: if in Russian the declension of adjectives depends on the word itself (on its gender, number and case), then in German, in addition to this, it also depends on the article, which, as is known, has no analogues in Russian.

The declension of German adjectives can be divided into three types:

1. Weak - it is really “weak”, the form of the adjective almost does not change. This inflection is used after the definite article - basically the article changes.
2. Strong declension - after and pronouns meaning some kind of “uncertainty”.
3. Mixed declension - if there is no article.

Here we will look at the weak declension of adjectives

Its rules are quite simple. As you can see in the table, most adjectives end in -en, the rest end in -e. This type of declension is characteristic only of adjectives that are used after:

• After pronouns that are similar to the definite article: diser (this), jener (that), jeder (every), welcher (which), solcher (that), mancher (other), derselbe (that one), derjenige (that one). Of course, these also vary by birth. Here they are all given in the masculine gender.

As you study this information, pay attention to how the endings of certain articles and nouns change. As you can see, the declension of adjectives is the easiest to remember. Another important point is the “Plural” column. In this number, adjectives that come after the following words are declined according to the weak type:

• Definite article (der, die, das).
• The same pronouns mentioned above, and some others. Of course, these plural pronouns will have other forms: diese (these), jede (those), welche (which), alle (everyone), beide (both), solche (such), manche (some), dieselben (those the very ones), diejenigen (the same ones), sämtliche (all).
• And also (note!) after the pronoun kein and such as mein (my), unser (our), as well as other possessive pronouns. Here a logical question arises: how are singular adjectives declined after such pronouns? For example, how would it be meine schöne Frau (my beautiful woman) in Answer: in any reference book, look at the table of mixed declension, because after these pronouns there are singular adjectives. In number they tend to be of the mixed type.

  	m. genus	and. genus	Wed genus	Plural
  N	Der alt e Mann	Die schon e Frau	Das neu e Haus	Die breit en Fenster
  G	Des alt en Mann es	Der schön en Frau	Des neu en Houses	Der breit en Fenster
  D	Dem alt en Mann	Der schön en Frau	Dem neu en Haus	Den breit en Fenster n
  A	Den alt en Mann	Die schon e Frau	Das neu e Haus	Die breit en Fenster

After this, look at other tables in any German language reference book:

1. in the singular in the absence of an article (strong declension).
2. Table of declension of adjectives in the singular after the indefinite article (mixed declension).
3. It is also worth looking separately at the declension of adjectives in although it can also belong to the two types already mentioned earlier: weak and strong. After the indefinite (weak declination - we have already given it in the table) and the definite article (strong declination).
4. Declension

Please note that there are regularities in the declensions of adjectives: somewhere, one way or another, there must be endings of the definite article. In the table above, the adjectives are already preceded by the definite article. Consequently, adjectives no longer need their endings, which is why the rules of the weak declension are so simple. And vice versa, with a strong declension, when there is no article at all before adjectives, the endings of the adjectives change like the endings of the definite article.

And some tips on how to remember these dry tables:

1. Learn in detail the declination of the definite article.
2. Read this article and look through the tables in the reference book carefully once and take the test - there are plenty of them on the Internet. Once you have passed or failed the adjective form assignments, you will feel the need to remember it all and will also know where to look at adjective inflections more closely. The secret of any effective learning: first the problem, then its solution. And not vice versa.
3. Take it in German. This can be any text on a topic that interests you with parallel translation. Try to compile all the declination tables yourself, and then compare them with the reference book. It will take time, but after this you will most likely no longer need to look at the reference book at all to clarify how this or that adjective is declined.

02/26/2014 WEDNESDAY 00:00

GRAMMAR

The declension of adjectives - Deklination der Adjektive - is determined not only by gender, number and case of the noun to which the adjective refers. It is also determined by the accompanying word - article, pronoun, numeral, etc. - comes before a noun. Depending on this, there are strong, weak and mixed declension of adjectives.

In this article we will look at each of these declensions.

Strong declension of adjectives

There is no accompanying word before the adjective or the accompanying word is not capable of giving grammatical characteristics to the noun - gender, number and case. In this case, the adjective takes on the functions of an article and takes on the endings of the definite article.

	Singular
	Masculine	Neuter gender	Feminine
	stark er Kaffee	schön es Wetter	frisch e Milch
	stark en Kaffees	schön en Wetters	frisch er Milch
	stark em Kaffee	schön em Wetter	frisch er Milch
	stark en Kaffee	schön es Wetter	frisch e Milch

	Plural
	schön e Fenster	einige gut e Freunde	vier neu e Autos
	schön er Fenster	einiger gut er Freunde	vier neu er Autos
	schön en Fenstern	einigen gut en Freunden	vier neu en Autos
	schön e Fenster	einige gut e Freunde	vier neu e Autos

Weak declension of adjectives

An adjective is preceded by an accompanying word - the definite article or the word that replaces it - and it clearly determines the gender, number and case of the noun.

	Singular
	Masculine	Neuter gender	Feminine
	der gut e Freund	das gut e Buch	die gut e Freundin
	des gut en Freundes	des gut en Buches	der gut en Freundin
	dem gut en Freund	dem gut en Buch	der gut en Freundin
	den gut en Freund	das gut e Buch	die gut e Freundin

	Plural
	die gut en Bucher	diese gut en Bucher	meine neu en Autos
	der gut en Bucher	diesel gut en Bucher	meiner neu en Autos
	den gut en Buchern	diesen gut en Buchern	meinen neu en Autos
	die gut en Bucher	diese gut en Bucher	meine neu en Autos

Mixed declension of adjectives

Before the adjective there is an accompanying word in the form of the indefinite article ein - only in the singular, or possessive pronouns mein, dei n, etc. or the indefinite pronoun kein.

	Singular
	Masculine	Neuter gender	Feminine
	ein gut er Freund	ein gut es Buch	eine gut e Freundin
	eines gut en Freundes	eines gut en Buches	einer gut en Freundin
	einem gut en Freund	einem gut en Buch	einer gut en Freundin
	einen gut en Freund	ein gut es Buch	eine gut e Freundin

	Plural
	keine gut en Freunde	gut e Freunde	meine gut en Freunde
	keiner gut en Freunde	gut er Freunde	meiner gut en Freunde
	keinen gut en Freunden	gut en Freunden	meinen gut en Freunden
	keine gut en Freunde	gut e Freunde	meine gut en Freunde

Since the indefinite article is not used in the plural, adjectives, when inflected with a noun without an article, receive strong plural endings.

After possessive pronouns mein, dein, etc. and the indefinite - negative - pronoun kein, plural adjectives have weak declension forms.

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