Postgraduate studies: what is it and what is it for? What is graduate school? Studying in graduate school: features All about graduate school.
Postgraduate studies, clinical residency
- Adjunct- postgraduate studies at universities and research institutions of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
- Clinical residency- a form of advanced training for doctors in medical universities, advanced training institutes and research institutions.
Graduate student
Social guarantees
In Russian legislation, the Federal Law “On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education in the Russian Federation” provides the following guarantees:
P.S. Temporarily, until the spring conscription of 2012, full-time students of unaccredited graduate school are not subject to conscription into the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation if they have Appendix No. 2 and a graduate school license, since the decree on obtaining accreditation by graduate schools was issued relatively recently (previously only licenses were required). Universities were given time to prepare.
Russia
In some European countries the terms graduate student And graduate school correspond doctoral student And doctoral studies.
Ukraine
Candidates and doctors of sciences are exempt from military service.
Links
see also
- Residency
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Synonyms:- Aspidae
- Graduate student
See what “Postgraduate studies” is in other dictionaries:
graduate school- adjunct, target Dictionary of Russian synonyms. postgraduate study noun, number of synonyms: 2 postgraduate study (1) ... Synonym dictionary
GRADUATE STUDY- (from Latin aspiro I strive, I try to get closer) in the Russian Federation, a form of training for scientists at universities and research institutions ... Legal Dictionary
GRADUATE STUDY Modern encyclopedia
GRADUATE STUDY- (from Lat. aspiro I strive, I try to get closer), a form of training for scientific workers. Organized in 1925 under the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR, in the 1930s. spread to universities and research institutes of the USSR (postgraduate students defended their candidate's dissertations since 1934). In the beginning. 1990s... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
GRADUATE STUDY- GRADUATE STUDIES, postgraduate studies, women's. (neol.). 1. Position, activity of a graduate student. 2. only units, collected. Graduate students (colloquial). Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
GRADUATE STUDY- GRADUATE STUDY, s, female. The training that graduate students undergo; system of such training. Study in graduate school. Finish graduate school. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
graduate school- y, w. PhD student German Postgraduate System for training scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel at universities and research institutions. BAS 2. Lex. Ush. 1935: graduate student... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
GRADUATE STUDY- GRADUATE STUDY. Form of training of scientific pedagogical and scientific workers. Organized in 1925 under the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR, in the 1930s. in universities and research institutes of the USSR (postgraduate students defended candidate dissertations - since 1934). Can be full-time (3 years of study)… … New dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)
Postgraduate studies- (from the Latin aspiro I strive, I try to get closer), a form of training for scientific workers. Organized in 1925 under the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR, in the 30s. spread to universities and research institutes of the USSR (postgraduate students defended their candidate's dissertations since 1934). At first … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
GRADUATE STUDY- (from Latin aspiro I strive, I try to get closer) a form of training for scientists. Organized in 1925 under the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR, in the 30s. spread to universities and research institutes of the USSR (postgraduate students defended their candidate's dissertations since 1934). IN… … Legal encyclopedia
Books
- Philosophy of science: Proc. village / T. G. Leshkevich - M.: NIC INFRA-M, 2016.-272 p..-(HE: Postgraduate Studies) (P), Leshkevich T.G.. The material corresponding to the minimum candidate program is presented in a concise and accessible form By…
Many people ask this question. However, this issue becomes truly problematic after you have entered graduate school. So let's look at the basic concepts...
What it is
Postgraduate study is needed in order to obtain a candidate's degree. If you have just graduated from a university and received master's or specialist status, you can enroll in graduate school.
In theory, graduate school is needed in order to educate scientific personnel who would move science forward. However, in reality everything is completely different...
The fact is that graduate school as a forge of scientific personnel has long outlived its usefulness. True, it’s worth mentioning that a lot depends on the specific university. However, in global terms, graduate school has ceased to be something important and necessary.
This is especially felt when you have just entered there.
You think that you will receive brilliant advice there, communicate with brilliant scientists, move science forward... But in reality everything turns out to be completely different. Getting a PhD is 90% bureaucracy and 10% science. The candidacy is defended not by the smartest, but by the most cunning.
Statistics are easy to find. Go to any graduate student forum and see the reasons for admission. Statistics show that only 10% go to graduate school for the sake of science. So here's the list...
Deferment from the army
This is the most common reason. If you are subject to conscription, then when you enter graduate school you will be asked directly: “Are you leaving the army?” If you say “Yes,” then with an 80% probability you will not be accepted into graduate school (although they will be accepted into commercial school).
The university needs you to do science and not avoid the army. But there are many nuances here.
It is very easy to get into commercial graduate school. And if you still have a diploma with honors, then this will be easier to do. And considering that there are a lot of universities with accredited postgraduate programs, there is no problem in admission. If you have a lot of B's in your diploma, but you have participated in a conference at least once, then you will also be accepted. If you have C grades, then it will be impossible to enroll.
In addition, paying for 3 years of graduate school is much cheaper than buying yourself a military ID. And most guys already have a job or their own business by the time they graduate from university. And give it all up for a year in order to work for free?!!! The army is not the place to be. Although if you want a military or law enforcement career, then you will need the army.
But you shouldn’t think that graduate schools are filled with “squints” - this is not so. After all, those who have at least some inclination towards science go to graduate school. Therefore, over time, you begin to become imbued with science and forget about the original reason for entering graduate school.
"Nerds"
This is the second most popular reason. Speaking in human terms, there are many people in graduate school who are used to studying. Such people do not have a job, they are always studying. Among them there are those who do not want to lose their student spirit. They are afraid of the world.
If such people still defend their PhD, they become eternal teachers. Pichal:(
If YOU are one of these people, then come to your senses and start working! Graduate school without practice is a waste of time.
Those who advance science
They are not found in their pure form. Usually these are the people who are truly useful for Russian science. However, they pursue either a career, money, or fame. Such people rarely become teachers. They usually get high positions or go abroad.
Such people are easy to distinguish. At the beginning of the 5th year, they find a supervisor and are already starting to publish and publish.
Careerists
These are already adults. They need a candidate's credentials in order to move up the career ladder. This is especially true for officials who “clog up” the most delicious places in law schools.
Rest
There are people who study in graduate school, but do not understand why they are doing it. It seems that this is due to a special combination of life circumstances. Some people just follow the wave.
In general, everyone decides for themselves why they need graduate school. Postgraduate students of technical and economic specialties achieve particular success.
Your actions determine who you become. You can become just another teacher with no prospects, or you can become a famous scientist or use your knowledge to increase capital. Actually, money is the only criterion for a person’s success...
You can leave your reasons and opinions in the comments.
Thank you for your attention!
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What does graduate school in Russia provide and why go there? Does graduate school give you a deferment from the army? Is it included in the work experience? What are the benefits when getting a job? Postgraduate studies and work, how to combine? What is the duration of postgraduate study? What forms of postgraduate study are there? Is there any part-time graduate school? How is part-time graduate school different from full-time? What is the graduate school process like? What does postgraduate study without defense give? What title does graduate school give? Calculation of training costs.
The article was prepared by a candidate of philological sciences
What does completing graduate school provide? Why go to graduate school?
You ask yourself these questions when faced with a choice: whether or not to go towards a difficult-to-achieve goal - a PhD degree. Since you realize that the path will be difficult, it is important to have good motivation to decide in favor of enrolling. But about the “goodies” a little later, first we will define some concepts.
What forms of postgraduate study are there?
The following forms, already familiar to you, are provided for by the third stage of higher education - graduate school: full-time form of education, correspondence form of training for the most strong-willed and independent - competition.
The duration of postgraduate study usually depends on its form:
- The duration of full-time postgraduate study is 3 years.
- Correspondence postgraduate study, duration of study - 4 years.
- Application period - 5 years (I will not dwell on this form in detail because I am not familiar with it).
- For young people, graduate school - deferment from the army. But there are a number of nuances here:
B) the organization in which the graduate student is enrolled in a certain specialty must have state accreditation for it,
C) a young person enters the next level of education in the year of receiving a diploma from the previous one. Therefore, a deferment from the army in graduate school after the master's program is also possible, you just need to have time to enroll in graduate school immediately, without a year or more break.
And now the good news, if you meet all the above requirements, and the only issue is the availability of budget places, you should be pleased: paid graduate school = deferment from the army too.
The deferment from the army after graduate school is valid for another year after graduation - time is given to defend a candidate's dissertation.
- Those who successfully defend their candidate's dissertation are awarded PhD degree.
A) simply complete your studies without defending a dissertation,
B) defend a Ph.D. dissertation.
What benefits does graduate school provide when finding a job?
You might be interested in What does graduate school provide without defending a dissertation? My answer is nothing, or, almost nothing. Completing graduate school without a defense is equivalent to taking advanced training courses and does not give the right to apply for a higher position or salary bonus, unlike the case when the dissertation is defended.
It turns out that a PhD degree is a reason to get more high position its holder, but only one for which the requirements for candidates indicate “having a PhD degree.”
And the fact of appointment additional payment for an academic degree must be recorded in an internal local act of the institution or an employment contract, otherwise, the presence of a candidate’s diploma will not be financially encouraged by the employer.
It turns out that there is a need to defend a dissertation university teacher, employee of a scientific institution, or military, in other organizations, a defended dissertation will not provide any advantages and will not provide an increase in salary or a higher position. Therefore, you need to carefully weigh your initial data before entering graduate school, and decide “whether the game is worth the candle.”
- What does graduate school NOT provide?
You may be interested in the answer to the question: Is postgraduate study included in your work experience? Answer, - No. Both the scientific-pedagogical and work experience of full-time postgraduate study is bypassed, as well as correspondence. Previously, years of full-time postgraduate study were counted as scientific and pedagogical experience, but after the 2013 law they stopped.
AdvertisingWhat is postgraduate study like?
You should start preparing for admission to graduate school with search for a scientific supervisor. This person will mean a lot to you in the next years of study, and it will almost entirely depend on him whether you will defend yourself or not. It is important that he has “weight” among colleagues in his profession, otherwise the work of his graduate student may be biased, or it may indeed turn out to be mediocre: the supervisor will not have enough professionalism and “flair” to guide the graduate student in the right direction. It is important that he has a strong character and strives to guide the graduate student to the defense. It is important that he is in good physical and mental shape: scientific supervisors are often elderly people and some, despite serious health problems, still recruit graduate students; as a result, they are physically unable to work together on research, and the supervisor’s help is very important , it is clear that for such a leader, if one out of ten graduate students defends their defense, it is already good, and the credit for this will go entirely to the graduate student. If you have a desire to develop a specific topic, you need to clarify the area of scientific interests of your prospective supervisor; perhaps he is not interested in what you want to do, then you will have to look for another supervisor.
It is also important for a scientific supervisor to take on as a graduate student a competent and responsible person who can conduct serious research and defend his work. Therefore, they will also take a good look at you.
After you have secured the approval of your supervisor to work together with him, you should begin collect a package of documents for admission. The list can usually be found on the website of the university you are planning to enroll in. I would like to draw your attention to the fact that you will need to provide a list of your published scientific works; if there are none, you will have to write an introductory essay, which will take time to work on, count on this and start preparing for admission in advance.
It is also important, upon admission, to think about the defense that takes place in the dissertation council. So, each council has the right to “hear” defenses only in certain specialties. It is advisable to take the path of least resistance and choose a specialty, advice on which is in the city where it will be most convenient for you to defend yourself.
Entrance exams in philosophy, foreign language and specialty, they are usually taken by ticket, preparing in advance. At the same time, previously passed candidate exams do not eliminate the need to take entrance exams.
The process of studying in graduate school, part-time or full-time, consists of attending lectures, seminars, practical classes, and receiving tests upon their completion. And here exams total to be passed three, they're called candidate's: in philosophy, foreign language and the specialty in which the graduate student is studying.
Lectures and seminars, in theory, are designed to provide useful information that will be useful and will relieve some of the difficulties in carrying out a graduate student’s own dissertation research.
Of course you need write a dissertation, which must be ready by the end of the postgraduate study period, and report to the scientific supervisor and at a meeting of the department to which they are assigned, about the work done at the end of each academic year.
All this must be completed by the end of the postgraduate study period, and the dissertation must be submitted by pre-protection, this means, members of the department to which you are attached will hear the main results of your research, two reviewers will study the work and give comments that need to be answered, then they will discuss your work and give or not give the go-ahead for defense in the council.
Within a year after the end of your graduate studies, you will need to collect all the necessary documentation, bringing the dissertation to ideal, and submit all you need to the dissertation council.
Before adviceyou speak, sharing, again, the results of the research you have done, the board members listen to the comments of your opponents (people who have studied your work), you answer them, all members also ask you questions. Then the dissertation council makes its “verdict”, then the applicant draws up in accordance with the requirements andsends documents to the Higher Attestation Commissionin Moscow. The commission awards the degree of candidate of science and issues a corresponding diploma.That's it, you are a candidate of sciences!
How is part-time graduate school different from full-time? Full-time graduate school and work, how to combine?
Let's start with the fact that I studied in correspondence graduate school, attended classes with everyone and did not notice the difference between full-time and part-time students. Classes are conducted and the graduate student, based on which course of lectures is more necessary for him or which is read at a more suitable time for him, attends a certain number of lecture courses.
The final stage of both full-time and part-time graduate school is writing a dissertation and defending it, only full-time students are given three years for this, and part-time students - four. Thus, in the form of training, what is important is not the organization of the learning process (there is no difference) and not the result, but only the number of years allocated for writing a dissertation research. Postgraduate studies and work are related as follows: Regardless of the form of study, if you have a goal to complete your dissertation research, you will have to set aside time and not work, at least for a year, but write your dissertation, otherwise you will not complete it. At the same time, officially, while studying in full-time graduate school, you cannot work, but while studying part-time, you can. But the reality is that, working full-time, or at more than one job, there will be no time left for a dissertation, no matter whether you study full-time or part-time.
Calculation of postgraduate study costs
What you will have to spend on while studying in graduate school:
A) payment for tuition, if it was not possible to enroll on the budget,
B) paper and a printout of intermediate versions of the dissertation for checking by a supervisor (scientific supervisors are usually ladies, older men and prefer to work with paper rather than at an incomprehensible “beast” computer),
Dictionary of medical terms
graduate school (lat. aspirans, aspirantis striving for something)
a form of training of scientific and teaching personnel from among persons with completed higher education, providing for their temporary enrollment for this purpose in a higher educational institution or research institution (with a break from work or for distance learning).
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
graduate school
postgraduate studies, w. (new).
Position, activities of graduate student.
only units, collected Graduate students (colloquial).
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.
graduate school
Y, ac. The training that graduate students undergo; system of such training. Study in graduate school. Finish graduate school.
New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
graduate school
and. One of the forms of training scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel at universities and research institutions.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
graduate school
GRADUATE STUDY (from Latin aspiro - I strive, I try to get closer) is a form of training for scientific workers. Organized in 1925 under the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR, in the 1930s. spread to universities and research institutes of the USSR (postgraduate students defended their candidate's dissertations - since 1934). In the beginning. 1990s in the Russian Federation St. 60 thousand graduate students, incl. at the universities of St. 40 thousand. In most foreign countries, training similar to graduate school is carried out mainly at universities in special centers of the so-called. postgraduate education (usually for masters, licentiates, etc.) and ends with the defense of research work and the award of the highest academic degree (most often a doctorate).
Large legal dictionary
graduate school
(from Latin aspiro - I strive, I try to get closer) - in the Russian Federation, a form of training for scientists at universities and research institutions.
Postgraduate studies
in the USSR the main form of training of scientific, pedagogical and scientific personnel; Training in A., as a rule, ends with the defense of a dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Sciences. Academy was organized in 1925. It is established and liquidated at universities and research institutes of ministries and departments by the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the USSR, at research institutions of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Sciences of the Union Republics - by the Presidium of the corresponding academy.
There is full-time A. ≈ with a break from work ≈ for persons no older than 35 years (duration of study 3 years) and part-time ≈ without interruption from work ≈ for persons not older than 45 years (duration of study 4 years).
Persons with completed higher education who have demonstrated ability for scientific activity, from among specialists in the national economy with at least 2 years of practical work experience in their chosen specialty and young specialists immediately after graduation ≈ on the recommendation of the university council (faculty) are allowed to take competitive entrance exams in Armenia. ). Applicants to A. submit published scientific works, information about inventions or experimental design work (and in the absence of them, an abstract on their chosen specialty), undergo an interview with a prospective scientific supervisor and then pass exams in a special discipline, the history of the CPSU and a foreign language. Those admitted to take the exams are given a 30-day leave from work with continued pay.
The graduate student works under the guidance of his supervisor (usually a doctor of science, professor) according to an individual plan, studies his chosen specialty, masters the methods of research, experimental and educational work, passes the minimum candidate exams and prepares a dissertation for the degree of candidate of science. Full-time students are provided with a state scholarship. Part-time postgraduate students completing an individual plan receive an annual additional leave (30 days) at their place of work with continued pay and the right to have one day off from work per week ≈ for postgraduate studies (with payment in the amount of 50%).
In the corresponding universities and research institutes there is a target A., which is one of the main forms of training scientific and teaching personnel for universities, research institutes, enterprises, state farms and other organizations of the Union republics, ministries and departments that do not have the ability to provide scientific training personnel on the ground. Universities also organize a one-year academy, which admits teachers and other university employees, teachers of secondary schools (no older than 45 years old), who have fully passed the minimum candidate exams and completed research work on a chosen topic in an amount sufficient for preparation dissertations within a period of up to 1 year. Persons enrolled in one-year A. retain their place of work and basic salary. Those who have passed the candidate's exams, defended a candidate's dissertation or submitted it for defense in the prescribed manner are considered to have graduated from the Academy (those who have submitted a dissertation for defense are issued an appropriate certificate).
The training of scientific personnel in Armenia is carried out in all major branches of science. In 1968 St. studied in A. 96 thousand people (over 54 thousand with a break from work), of which (thousand people): in physical and mathematical sciences 11.4; chemical 5.6; biological 6.0; geological and mineralogical 2.7; technical 39.1; agricultural and veterinary 7.1; historical and philosophical 4.6; economic 8.9; philological 2.3; geographical 0.8; legal 0.8; pedagogical 1.8; medical and pharmaceutical 5.3; art history 0.9; architecture 0.5. In 1968 A. graduated from St. 25 thousand people, including 10.6 thousand full-time at universities. and full-time at scientific institutions about 5.8 thousand people.
Lit.: Higher school. Sat. main regulations, orders and instructions. Ed. E. I. Voylenko, part 1 (chapter 9, Training of scientific and pedagogical personnel, awarding academic degrees and conferring academic titles), M., 1965.
E. I. Voilenko.
Wikipedia
Postgraduate studies
Postgraduate studies- one of the forms of training highly qualified personnel.
Examples of the use of the word graduate school in literature.
Although she was traveling to graduate school not out of her own inner attraction, but only out of vassal devotion to her parents, she was tormented by doubts that in an unfamiliar city, foreign to her, she would have no one to honor with her devotion.
Soon after completion postgraduate studies he was mobilized into the army for teaching work.
Abrikosov presented Ishchenko for expulsion from postgraduate studies due to her revealed inability and extreme incompatibility in the team, where she quarreled with everyone.
However, the Academy's personnel department did not agree with her expulsion and decided to continue her postgraduate studies under my leadership in my laboratory, located on the territory of the 1st Moscow City Clinical Hospital on Leninsky Prospekt.
With this she entered the third and final year postgraduate studies, and I launched an energetic offensive to obtain the report and familiarize myself with the state of the dissertation topic.
After all, I am responsible for timely completion postgraduate studies with the presentation of a completed dissertation, and at that time this was not only an official, but also a political responsibility, and I understood and felt it.
At the Academy, when familiarizing themselves with the state of affairs, they waved me aside with a firm instruction about the need to bring postgraduate studies Ishchenko to a happy end.
Ishchenko from postgraduate studies almost at the very calendar date of its end, which I informed her about.
They faced threats of expulsion from the Komsomol and from postgraduate studies, carried out.
There was nothing, only a vague, indefinite feeling that he was broken, expelled from postgraduate studies and possesses a confusing, unedited autobiographical manuscript about a brujo that made it unsure if it could be sold.
Since Carlos left postgraduate studies, they talked with Meighan from time to time, but never talked about field work with the brujos.
The composer's years of study at the Leningrad Conservatory, where he took a course, remain forever in the composer's memory. postgraduate studies at Professor V.
It was then that he first thought: after all, in his destiny there would be neither Moscow, nor Larisa, nor the law faculty of the university, nor postgraduate studies, if, upon demobilization, he and everyone else went into the merchant fleet, fishermen or whalers, as the recruiters lured them with rich promises.
While making tea, he suddenly imagined how his life would have turned out if he had stayed after postgraduate studies in Moscow.
In the region where he came with his wife after postgraduate studies, people valued family, home comfort, kinship, and children most of all.
GRADUATE STUDENT A GRADUATE STUDENT is a person with higher professional education studying in graduate school and preparing a dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Sciences.
Large legal dictionary. - M.: Infra-M. A. Ya. Sukharev, V. E. Krutskikh, A. Ya. Sukharev. 2003 .
Synonyms:See what "GRADUATE STUDENT" is in other dictionaries:
graduate student- and m. graduate student m., German. Postgraduate 1. Applicant for the position. Luchinsky 1879. To be listed as a lawyer is the only and greatest honor sought by young graduate students devoting themselves to a legal career. NE 1891 12 … Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
- (French aspirant, from aspirer to seek something). 1) in France, a senior student preparing for service. 2) a person who seeks something, a candidate, an applicant. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910.… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Cm … Synonym dictionary
GRADUATE STUDENT- (from Latin aspirantis - striving for something). A person pursuing graduate school. During postgraduate study, the graduate student passes candidate exams and defends his thesis... New dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)
GRADUATE STUDENT, postgraduate student, husband. (lat. aspirans striving for something) (neol.). An employee of a research institution preparing for scientific activity. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
GRADUATE STUDENT, husband. A specialist at a higher educational institution or scientific institution preparing for scientific, scientific-pedagogical activities and for defending a candidate's dissertation. | wives graduate student, i. | adj. postgraduate, oh, oh. Dictionary… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
GRADUATE STUDENT- GRADUATE STUDENT, see Medical education... Great Medical Encyclopedia
graduate student- - [A.S. Goldberg. English-Russian energy dictionary. 2006] Energy topics in general EN post graduatePG ... Technical Translator's Guide
GRADUATE STUDENT- (from Latin aspiro I strive, I try to get closer) a person who has a higher professional education, is studying in graduate school and is preparing a dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Sciences... Legal encyclopedia
graduate student- French – graduate. Latin – aspirare (to blow, to winnow). The word “graduate student” appeared in Russian in the middle of the 19th century, in dictionaries since 1861, initially with the meaning “seeking a certain position, a candidate for this position.” Until the 60s... ... Semenov Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language
Books
- University graduate student. Technologies of scientific creativity and pedagogical activity, S.D. Reznik. The content, system and technologies of postgraduate education, preparation for independent…
- University graduate student. Technologies of scientific creativity and pedagogical activity. Textbook, Reznik Semyon Davydovich. The content, system and technologies of postgraduate education, preparation for independent…
Articles on the topic
