Buk air defense system: photos, characteristics, modifications. Complex "Buk M2": technical characteristics, photo A39 - launcher-loading installation

"Buk-M3" (factory code 9K317M) is a medium-range air defense system. According to NATO classification, these air defense systems are called SA-17Grizzly. The highly mobile multifunctional complex is designed to solve the following combat missions: destroying aircraft of all types in all ranges of their practical use, firing at radio-contrast ground targets and hitting surface targets in conditions of intense counteraction, both fire and electronic.

Military experts classify the complex as the main means of the military component of the air defense/air defense of the Russian Federation in the theater of operations and consider it as a system-forming one. On the tactical side, it is complemented by a short-range complex such as “Tor-M2” (currently) or “Pantsir-S1” (in the near future). From the operational-tactical side - long-range air defense systems of all classes in service. The Buk-M3, as the main means of countering missiles flying at ultra-low altitude, demonstrates the best efficiency-cost ratio in comparison with all analogues of Russian and foreign production.

Peculiarities.

The air defense system is equipped with the latest digital control system, which provides not only the solution of combat missions, but also operation in the training simulator mode for training and training crews. The telethermal imaging system has replaced teleoptical sights and is used to detect targets, capture them and passively track them in automatic mode. The documentation system has been replaced by an integrated objective control system, created on the basis of modern software using the latest digital control system.

The signal processing equipment and display equipment are also computerized and equipped with LCD monitors. For communications, the complex is equipped with modern digital communications equipment that ensures uninterrupted exchange of both voice information and encoded target distribution and target designation data.

Each division armed with the Buk-M3 air defense system has 36 target channels and is equipped with the latest model missiles with active seekers. The complex has all-aspect visibility due to the fact that the new rocket has a vertical launch. The 9Р31М missile used to equip the complex is capable of destroying all currently existing aerodynamic targets, including highly maneuverable ones, in conditions of strong electronic countermeasures, as well as surface and ground ones. The on-board systems of the Buk-M3 complex are created on a completely updated element base. When supplied to the Russian Navy, the complex is called “Hurricane”. The export name of the marine version is “Calm”.

Specifications

Video

The development of the Buk complex was started according to the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972 and provided for the use of cooperation between developers and manufacturers, the basic composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub air defense system. At the same time, the development of the M-22 Uragan air defense system for the Navy was determined using a missile defense system common to the Buk complex.

The military air defense system "Buk" was intended to fight in radio countermeasures against aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m/s, at medium and low altitudes, maneuvering with overloads of up to 10-12 units, at ranges up to 30 km, and in the future - with Lance ballistic missiles.

Developers of the complex and its systems

The developer of the Buk air defense system as a whole was identified as the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (General Director V.K. Grishin). The chief designer of the 9K37 complex as a whole was appointed A.A. Rastov, the command post (CP) 9S470 - G.N. Valaev (then - V.I. Sokiran), the self-propelled firing systems (SOU) 9A38 - V.V. Matyashev, semi-active Doppler homing head 9E50 for missiles - I.G. Akopyan.

Launch-loading units (PZU) 9A39 were created at the Start Machine-Building Design Bureau (MCB) under the leadership of A.I. Yaskina. Unified tracked chassis for the complex's combat vehicles were created at OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant by a team headed by N.A. Astrov. The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk machine-building design bureau "Novator" headed by L.V. Lyulev. The detection and target designation station (SOTs) 9S18 (“Dome”) was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments under the leadership of chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (then Yu.P. Shchekotov).

In the west the complex received the designation SA-11 "Gadfly".

Compound

The Buk air defense system includes the following combat weapons:

• SAM 9M38;
• Command post 9S470;
• Detection and target designation station 9S18 "Dome";
• Self-propelled firing system 9A310;
• Start-loading installation 9A39.

SAM 9M38

The 9M38 anti-aircraft missile is made using a dual-mode solid fuel engine (total operating time is about 15 seconds), according to a normal aerodynamic configuration with “X” placement of low aspect ratio wings.

In the front part of the missile, a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power supplies and a warhead are successively located. To reduce the dispersion of alignment over flight time, the combustion chamber of the solid propellant rocket engine is located closer to the middle of the rocket and the nozzle block includes an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located. The rocket has no parts that separate during flight. A new seeker with a combined control system was developed for the rocket. The complex implemented homing missiles using the proportional navigation method. The warhead is a high-explosive fragmentation type.

Command post 9С470

The 9S470 command post located on the GM-579 chassis provided:

• receiving, displaying and processing information about targets received from the 9S18 detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing systems, as well as from higher command posts;
• selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing installations in manual and automatic modes, setting their sectors of responsibility, displaying information about the presence of missiles on them and on launch-loading installations, about the letters of the illumination transmitters of self-propelled firing installations, about their work on targets, about operating modes of the detection and target designation station;
• organizing the operation of the complex in conditions of interference and the enemy’s use of anti-radar missiles;
• documentation of work and training in calculation of CP.

The command post processed messages about 46 targets at altitudes of up to 20 km in a zone with a radius of 100 km per review cycle of the detection and target designation station and issued up to 6 target designations to self-propelled firing systems with an accuracy of 1° in azimuth and elevation, 400-700 m in range.
The weight of the command post with a combat crew of 6 people did not exceed 28 tons.

Detection and target designation station 9S18 ("Dome")

Three-coordinate coherent-pulse detection and target designation station 9S18 (“Dome”) of the centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in a sector according to the elevation angle (set to 30° or 40°) and mechanical (circular or in a given sector) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (using an electric drive or hydraulic drive) was designed to detect and identify air targets at ranges of up to 110-120 km (45 km at a flight altitude of 30 m) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 control post.

The rate of viewing the space, depending on the established sector in elevation and the presence of interference, ranged from 4.5 to 18 s for all-round viewing and from 2.5 to 4.5 s for viewing in a 30° sector. Radar information was transmitted via telecode line to the 9S470 control panel in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (4.5 s). The root mean square errors (RMS) of measuring target coordinates were: no more than 20" - in azimuth and elevation, no more than 130m - in range, range resolution no worse than 300m, in azimuth and elevation - 4°.

To protect against targeted interference, we used tuning of the carrier frequency from pulse to pulse, from response ones - the same and blanking of range intervals along the auto-recording channel, from non-synchronous pulses - changing the slope of linear-frequency modulation and blanking of range sections. With noise barrage interference from self-cover and external cover at specified levels, the detection and target designation station ensured detection of a fighter aircraft at a distance of at least 50 km. The station ensured tracking of targets with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of local objects and in passive interference using a moving target selection circuit with automatic wind speed compensation. The station was protected from anti-radar missiles by implementing a software tuning of the carrier frequency in 1.3 s, switching to circular polarization of the sounding signals or to the intermittent radiation (flicker) mode.

The station included an antenna post consisting of a reflector with a truncated parabolic profile, a feed in the form of a full-flow line that provides electronic scanning of the beam in the elevation plane, a rotating device, a device for folding the antenna into the stowed position; transmitting device (with an average power of up to 3.5 kW); receiving device (with a noise figure of no more than 8) and other systems.

The time for transferring the station from the traveling position to the combat position was no more than 5 minutes, and from standby mode to working mode - no more than 20 seconds. The mass of the station with a crew of 3 people is no more than 28.5 tons.

Self-propelled firing system 9A310

The transfer time from traveling to combat position was no more than 5 minutes. The time for transferring the installation from standby mode to operating mode, in particular, after changing the position with the equipment turned on, was no more than 20 s. Loading a 9A310 self-propelled firing system with four missiles from a launcher-loading installation was carried out in 12 minutes, and from a transport vehicle in 16 minutes.

The weight of a self-propelled firing system with a combat crew of 4 people did not exceed 32.4 tons. The length of the self-propelled firing system was 9.3 m, width - 3.25 m (9.03 m in working position), height - 3.8 m (7.72 m).

Launch-loading installation 9A39

The 9A39 launcher-loading unit, located on the GM-577 chassis, was intended for transporting and storing eight missiles (4 each on the launcher and on fixed cradle), launching 4 missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradle, self-loading with eight missiles from a transport vehicle ( in 26 minutes), from ground cradles and from transport containers, loading and unloading a self-propelled firing system with four missiles. In addition to the launching device with a power servo drive, a crane and cradle, the launch-loading installation included a digital computer, navigation, topographical and orientation equipment, telecode communication, energy supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation with a combat crew of 3 people is no more than 35.5 tons.
The length of the launch-loading installation was 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.

Performance characteristics

Testing and operation

Joint tests of the Buk complex with its full set of equipment were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Emben test site (head of the test site V.V. Zubarev) under the leadership of a commission headed by Yu.N. Pervov.

The command post of the complex received information about the air situation from the command post of the anti-aircraft missile system "Buk" (ASU "Polyana-D4") and from the detection and target designation station, processed it and issued it to self-propelled firing units, which searched and captured targets for automatic tracking. Upon entry The missiles were launched into the affected area. The missiles were guided using the proportional navigation method, which ensures high accuracy of pointing at the target. When approaching the target, the seeker issued a command to the radio fuse for close arming. When approaching the target at a distance of 17 m, the warhead was detonated on command. If the radio fuse did not activate, the missile defense system self-destructed, and if the target was not hit, a second missile defense system was launched at it.

Compared to previous systems of similar purposes (Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 air defense systems), the Buk complex had higher combat and operational characteristics and provided:

• simultaneous firing by a division of up to six targets, and, if necessary, carrying out up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled firing systems;
• greater reliability of target detection due to the organization of a joint survey of space by a detection and target designation station and six self-propelled firing systems;
• increased noise immunity due to the use of an on-board seeker computer and a special type of illumination signal;
• greater efficiency in hitting a target due to the increased power of the missile defense warhead.

Based on the results of firing tests and modeling, it was determined that the Buk air defense system provides fire at non-maneuvering targets flying at speeds of up to 800 m/s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, at ranges from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at target speeds up to 300 m/s) with a course parameter of up to 18 km with a probability of hitting one missile defense equal to 0.7-0.8. When firing at targets maneuvering with overloads of up to 8 units, the probability of defeat was reduced to 0.6.

Organizationally, the Buk air defense missile systems were consolidated into anti-aircraft missile brigades, which included: a command post (the brigade's combat control point from the Polyana-D4 automated control system), four anti-aircraft missile divisions with their own 9S470 command posts, a 9S18 detection and target designation station, a communications platoon and three anti-aircraft missile batteries with two 9A310 self-propelled firing systems and one 9A39 launcher-loader each, as well as technical support and maintenance units.

The Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade was to be controlled from the army's air defense command post.

The Buk complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the North in 1980.

Today we will talk about such a type of weapon as the Buk missile systems. This article has nothing to do with politics, so we will consider the purely technical side of the issue. Let's try to figure out a little what this self-propelled army is and get acquainted with its tactical and technical characteristics, firing range, in short, with all its abilities. So, before us is a Buk installation.

The beginning of the story

First you need to decide on the purpose of this installation. It consists of destroying aerodynamic targets flying at medium and low altitudes at speeds of up to 830 m/sec, maneuvering with 12-unit overloads and at a range of up to 30 kilometers. In accordance with the well-known Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972, its development began. A team of developers and manufacturers who had previously participated in the creation of the Kub air defense system was involved in this. At the same time, they appointed the development of the M-22 complex, called Uragan, for the Navy using a missile fully compatible with the Buk.

Developers

The developers were identified as: Research Institute of Instrument Engineering, as well as a research and design association called "Phazotron". Rastov A.A. was appointed chief designer of this complex. The launch-loading installation was created at the Start Machine-Building Design Bureau, where the head was A. I. Yaskin. The tracked chassis, unified for the complex’s vehicles, was developed by the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, which was headed by N. A. Astrov. The 9M38 missiles were assigned to be developed by the Sverdlovsk IKB “Novator”. The detection and, of course, target designation station "Dome" was created at the Research Institute of Measuring and Precision Instruments of the Ministry of Radio Industry. In order for the Buk installation to fully function, a set of maintenance and technical support tools on a vehicle chassis was developed. Completion of the preparatory phase was planned for the second quarter of 1975.

Change of plans

The resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU of May 22, 1974, in view of the need to quickly strengthen air defense with the build-up of the Kub regiments that are part of these divisions, ordered the creation of the Buk complex in two stages. First of all, it was necessary to quickly develop a guided anti-aircraft missile and a self-propelled firing system of the complex, which could launch 9M38 missiles, as well as 3M9M3 of the already existing Kub-M3 complex. Then, on this base, they were supposed to create the Buk, a new generation missile system. And in September 1974, ensure its participation in joint tests. But, regardless of this, the previously set deadlines had to be fully respected.

Fire self-propelled gun 9A38

It was mounted on the GM-569 chassis, and in one installation it combined the functions of a self-propelled launcher and SURN, which were used in the Kub-M3. The created 9A38 installation provided high-quality search in a given sector, performed detection and subsequent acquisition of targets for automatic tracking. It also solved problems before the launch, launch and homing of the three missiles that were located on it, and the other three 3M9M3 guided missiles from the 2P25M3 launcher associated with it.

The firing installation could operate both from SURN and autonomously. Its weight is 34 tons. The Buk air defense system consisted of: radar 9s35; computing digital system; optical television viewer; starting devices with power servo drive; radar ground interrogator, which operates in the "Password" system; equipment with SPU and SURN; gas turbine generator; equipment for orientation, topographical reference and navigation; life support systems.

Functions of the 9S35 radar station

By the time described, significant progress had been made in the creation of quartz and electromechanical filters, ultra-high-frequency devices, and digital computers, which allowed the 9S35, part of the Buk complex, to combine the functions of illumination, detection and target tracking stations. It used two transmitters - pulsed and continuous radiation, and it itself operated in the centimeter wavelength range. One transmitter detected and tracked targets, the other illuminated targets and guided anti-aircraft missiles.

The antenna system searched in sectors; the received signals were processed by an electromechanical method by a central computer. The transition time for 9S35, part of the Buk air defense system, from standby mode to combat mode was less than twenty seconds. The speed of targets was determined with an accuracy of +10 to -20 m/s, which ensured their selection in a moving state. Possible errors: the root mean square when measuring angular coordinates was 0.5 d.u., the maximum range was 175 meters. The station was protected from all active, combined and passive interference.

Anti-aircraft missile 9M38

This missile, which is part of the Buk air defense system, uses a solid-fuel dual-mode engine. Due to the complexity of mining, they abandoned the use of direct-flow. In addition, it had high resistance in some, mainly passive, sections of the trajectory and was unstable in operation at a high angle of attack. For these reasons, the deadline for the creation of the Kub air defense system was missed. The rocket design was normal, standard, X-shaped, with a low aspect ratio wing. At first glance, its appearance resembled anti-aircraft missiles of the Tartar and Standard ship families made in the USA, which fully complied with the size restrictions for the USSR Navy.

The front part of the 9M38 housed the autopilot equipment, semi-active generator, warhead and power supply. The rocket had no parts that separated in flight, its length was 5.5 meters, its diameter was 400 millimeters, and its steering span was 860 millimeters. It was equipped with a homing head, which had a combined control system using proportional navigation. “Buk” - a missile system with such a missile - could hit targets flying at an altitude of 25 meters to 20,000 and a range from three and a half to 32 kilometers, its speed was 1000 m/sec. The missile weighed 685 kg, including a 70 kg warhead.

Tests of the Buk installation

The Buk installation passed state tests from August 1975 to the end of October the following year, 1976. They were led by Bimbash P.S., and they were carried out on the territory of the Emba training ground. As you can see, the Buk installation (photos of it are presented in the review) consisted of: SURN 1S91M3, firing installation 9A38, anti-aircraft guided missiles 3M9M3 and 9M38, self-propelled launchers 2P25M3, as well as maintenance vehicles. As a result, some amendments were made: the detection range of helicopters was 21-35 kilometers at low altitudes, and aircraft - 32-41 km.

The time from the moment of target detection was 24-27 seconds. Charging and discharging time is nine minutes. The destruction of the aircraft by the 9M38 missile was ensured: at a range of 3.5-20.5 km - at a flight altitude of more than 3000 meters, 5-15.5 km - at an altitude of 30 meters. in terms of heading it was 18.5 km, in height - from 30 m to 14.5 km. The probability of fire damage is 0.70-0.93 when launching one missile. In 1978, the Buk-1 (Kub-M4) installation was put into service.

Characteristics of the Buk, command post

We have now learned a lot of details about the weapons we are considering. It's time to group the most important things in one place. So, before us is the Buk complex. The characteristics of its combat weapons are as follows. 9S470 - a command post installed on the GM-579 - provided display, reception and processing of all data coming from the target designation and detection station, as well as six 9A310 - self-propelled fire units.

He ensured the selection of the necessary dangerous targets and their correct distribution in manual and automatic modes between self-propelled fire installations, assigned them responsible sectors and many other important activities. The Buk complex, thanks to the CP, works normally when using missiles against radar and interference. The command post can process 46 targets at an altitude of up to 20,000 m in a zone with a radius of 100,000 m. Up to six target indications were issued per station review cycle. 28 tons - the mass of the command post, taking into account six people.

Target designation and detection station "Dome"

We continue the conversation about what the Buk installation is. The characteristics of the “Dome” are the next stage of its consideration. This station has electronic beam scanning in elevation in a 30-40 degree sector with mechanical rotation of the antenna along a given azimuth. The purpose of the 9S18 is to detect and identify targets in the air at altitudes from 30 meters to 45.5 kilometers, at a range of up to 120 kilometers. Then information about the situation in the air is transmitted to the 9S470 control post. Depending on the installed sector and the presence of interference, the viewing speed is 5-18 seconds with a circular view and 2.5-4.5 seconds with a 30-degree sector view. The received information was transmitted via a telecode line during a review period of 4.5 seconds, in the amount of 75 marks. Protection against targeted, retaliatory, and asynchronous pulse interference was also developed.

Also, regardless of the presence of barrage noise interference, detection of a fighter located at an altitude of up to 5,000 meters was ensured. The “Dome”, part of the Buk anti-aircraft complex, in turn, consisted of a rotating device, an antenna post, an antenna tracking device, a receiving device, a transmitting device and other systems. The station went into combat position in five minutes from the traveling position, and from the standby position in 20 seconds.

Differences between 9A310 and 9A38 firing systems

The first installation differed from the second (“Buk-1”) in that it communicated via telecode line not with the self-propelled launcher 2P25M3 and with SURN 1S91M3, but with the PZU 9A39 and the command post 9S470. Also, the 9A310 had four 9M38 guided anti-aircraft missiles on its launcher, rather than three. It was charged in 12 and a half minutes from the ROM and 16 minutes from the transport supply vehicle. Weight - 32.4 tons, including four crew members. The width of the self-propelled fire unit is 3.25 meters, length - 9.3 meters, height - 3.8 meters. Let's look further at what the Buk complex consists of. Photos will help us with this, as always.

9A39 - launch-loading installation

This ROM was installed on the GM-577 chassis. Its purpose was to store and transport eight guided anti-aircraft missiles, four of which were on fixed mounts, four on the launcher. It was also intended for launching four guided missiles, further self-loading them from the cradle, and subsequent self-loading with eight missiles from a transport support vehicle. Thus, the “Buk” is a missile system that combined the functions of the self-propelled launcher of the earlier “Kub” complex and the TZM in one ROM.

It included: a starting device with a servo power drive, supports, a crane, a digital computer, telecode communication equipment, navigation, topography references, energy supply and power supply units. The weight of the installation is 35.5 tons, including a crew of three people, dimensions: width - 3.316 meters, length - 9.96 meters, and height - 3.8 meters.

Capabilities of the Buk air defense system

This complex had higher combat, external and operational characteristics compared to the Kub-M4 and Kub-M3 complexes. Even if you just look at what the Buk launcher is, a photo of its weapons, then anyone will understand all its power, which provided:

Conclusion

Based on the results of modeling and testing, it was determined that the firing range of the Buk installation is from 3 to 25 kilometers at an altitude of up to 18 kilometers and a speed of up to 800 m/s. In this case, high-quality shelling of targets that were not maneuvering was ensured. The probability of defeat was 0.7-0.8 when firing one guided missile and the course parameter was up to 18 km. If the target maneuvers, then the probability of defeat is 0.6. The Buk complex was adopted by the air defense forces in 1980. Since then, it has been modernized several times to increase its combat capabilities and security.

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This post will explain to you in detail what the BUK military air defense system is and how it functions in combat conditions. I think many of us have heard this abbreviation of the anti-aircraft missile system in the media in connection with, but not everyone understands how the BUK air defense system works and the features of its functioning.

The military air defense system "Buk" (9K37) was intended to fight in radio countermeasures against aerodynamic targets flying at speeds up to 830 m/s, at medium and low altitudes, maneuvering with overloads of up to 10-12 units, at ranges up to 30 km, and in in the future - and with Lance ballistic missiles.
Development was started in accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 13, 1972 and provided for the use of cooperation between developers and manufacturers, the main composition corresponding to that previously involved in the creation of the Kub air defense system. At the same time, the development of the M-22 “Hurricane” air defense system for the Navy was determined using the same missile defense system as the “Buk” complex.

The developer of the Buk air defense system as a whole was identified as the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering (NIIP) of the Research and Design Association (NKO) "Phazotron" (General Director V.K. Grishin) MRP (former OKB-15 GKAT). The chief designer of the 9K37 complex as a whole was appointed A.A. Rastov, the command post (CP) 9S470 - G.N. Valaev (then - V.I. Sokiran), the self-propelled firing systems (SOU) 9A38 - V.V. Matyashev, semi-active Doppler homing head 9E50 for missiles - I.G. Akopyan.
Launch-loading units (PZU) 9A39 were created at the Mechanical Design Bureau (MKB) "Start" MAP (formerly SKB-203 GKAT) under the leadership of A.I. Yaskina. Unified tracked chassis for the complex's combat vehicles were created at OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant (MMZ) of the Ministry of Transport Engineering by a team headed by N.A. Astrov. The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau (SMKB) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8) headed by L.V. Lyulev, refusing to involve the design bureau of plant No. 134, which had previously developed the missile defense system for the "Cube" complex. The detection and target designation station (SOTs) 9S18 (“Dome”) was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Instruments (NIIIP) MRP under the leadership of chief designer A.P. Vetoshko (then Yu.P. Shchekotov).
Completion of the development of the complex was planned for the second quarter. 1975

However, in order to quickly strengthen the air defense of the main striking force of the Ground Forces - tank divisions - with an increase in the combat capabilities of the "Cube" anti-aircraft missile regiments included in these divisions by doubling the channels for targets (and ensuring, if possible, complete autonomy of these channels during operation from detection to hitting the target). The resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated May 22, 1974 ordered the creation of the Buk air defense system in two stages. It was initially proposed to develop at an accelerated pace the missile defense system and the self-propelled firing system of the Buk air defense system, capable of launching both 9M38 and 3M9M3 missiles from the Kub-M3 complex. On this basis, using other means of the Kub-M3 complex, it was planned to create the Buk-1 (9K37-1) air defense system, ensuring its entry into joint testing in September 1974, maintaining the previously prescribed volumes and timing of work on the Buk complex » in full specified composition.
For the Buk-1 air defense system, it was envisaged that each of the five anti-aircraft missile batteries of the Kub-M3 regiment, in addition to one self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit and four self-propelled launchers, would have one 9A38 self-propelled firing system from the Buk air defense system. Thus, due to the use of a self-propelled firing system with a cost of about 30% of the cost of all other battery assets in the Kub-MZ anti-aircraft missile regiment, the number of target channels increased from 5 to 10, and the number of combat-ready missiles - from 60 to 75.

In the period from August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 air defense system included the 1S91M3 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance system, the 9A38 self-propelled firing system, the 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, the 3M9M2 and 9M38 missile defense systems, as well as a maintenance vehicle (MTO) 9B881 passed state tests at the Embensky training ground (head of the training ground B.I. Vashchenko) under the leadership of a commission headed by P.S. Bimbash.
As a result of the tests, the detection range of self-propelled firing system radar aircraft in autonomous mode was obtained from 65 to 77 km at altitudes of more than 3000 m, which at low altitudes (30-100 m) decreased to 32-41 km. Helicopters at low altitudes were detected at a distance of 21-35 km. In the centralized operating mode, due to the limited capabilities of the 1S91M2 self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit, the aircraft detection range was reduced to 44 km for targets at altitudes of 3000-7000 m and to 21-28 km at low altitudes.

The operating time of the self-propelled firing system in autonomous mode (from target detection to missile launch) was 24-27 seconds. The charging and discharging time for three 3M9M3 or 9M38 missiles was about 9 minutes.
When firing the 9M38 missile defense system, the destruction of aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 km was ensured at a range of 3.4 to 20.5 km, and at an altitude of 3.1 m - from 5 to 15.4 km. The affected area ranged from 30 m to 14 km in height, and 18 km in terms of heading. The probability of an aircraft being hit by one 9M38 missile was 0.70-0.93.
The complex was put into service in 1978. Due to the fact that the 9A38 self-propelled firing system and the 9M38 missile defense system were only complementary to the Kub-MZ air defense system, the complex was named “Kub-M4” (2K12M4).
The Kub-M4 complexes that appeared in the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of tank divisions of the Ground Forces of the Soviet Army.

The Buk-M1-2 air defense system is a multi-purpose system that simultaneously fires at six targets flying at different azimuths and altitudes. The high firepower created by the complex's 6 firing channels allows you to effectively hit tracked targets. The complex is armed with modern 9M317 anti-aircraft guided missiles, which have high technical characteristics that ensure the destruction of air and surface targets, as well as combat work against ground targets. Missiles are launched from self-propelled firing systems 9A310M1-2 and launch-loading systems 9A39M1-2.

One of the significant differences between the Buk-M1-2 air defense system and the Buk-M1 complex is the presence of a laser rangefinder in the SOU 9A310M1-2, which allows successful combat work against surface and ground targets with microwave radiation turned off, which significantly improves the characteristics noise immunity, stealth and survivability of the complex.
The “coordinate support” mode implemented in the Buk-M1-2 complex allows you to successfully solve combat missions under intense influence on the complex of active interference.

The complex ensures the destruction of aerodynamic targets with maximum approach speeds of 1100-1200 m/s and removal speeds of 300 m/s in an altitude zone from 15 m to 25 km, and a range from 3 to 42 km. Ensures the destruction of cruise missiles (CM) at ranges of up to 26 km, tactical ballistic missiles (TBM) - at ranges of up to 20 km. The affected area of ​​the complex when firing at surface targets is up to 25 km. The probability of being hit by one missile is 0.8-0.9, the operating time is 20 s. The deployment time of the complex from traveling to combat position is up to 5 minutes. The complex's combat assets are mounted on high-capacity self-propelled tracked chassis, allowing movement both on highways and on dirt roads and off-roads with a maximum speed of 65 km/h. The fuel range is 500 km, maintaining a reserve for two hours of combat work.
The complex ensures operation at ambient temperatures from -50°C to +50°C and altitudes above sea level up to 3000 m, as well as under conditions of the use of nuclear and chemical weapons.

The facilities of the complex are equipped with autonomous power supply systems, and at the same time the ability to operate from external power sources is provided. The continuous operation time of the complex is 24 hours.
The complex includes combat weapons:
command post 9S470M1-2, designed to control the combat operations of the complex (one);
target detection station 9S18M1, providing detection of air targets, identification of their nationality and transmission of information about the air situation to the command post (one);
self-propelled firing system 9A310M1-2, providing combat operation both as part of a complex in a given sector of responsibility, and in autonomous mode and performing target detection, acquisition, identification
its nationality and shelling of an escorted target (six);
launch-loading installation 9A39M1-2, designed for launching, transporting and storing 9M317 missiles, as well as performing loading and unloading operations with them (three, attached to two SOU 9A310M1-2);
anti-aircraft guided missile 9M317, designed to destroy air, surface and ground targets in conditions of intense enemy radio countermeasures.

The high combat readiness of the 9K37M1-2 complex is maintained with the help of attached technical means.
All technical equipment, except PES-100 and UKS-400V, are mounted on the chassis of Ural-43203 and ZIL-131 vehicles.
Currently, in parallel with the serial development of the Buk-M1-2 complex, work is underway to significantly modernize the complex, aimed at significantly improving its tactical and technical characteristics.
Directions for modernization of the Buk-M1-2 air defense system:
a mobile station for automatic detection of radio emission sources “Orion” is being introduced into the complex, which provides information support and increases the effectiveness of the complex in conditions of massive use of organized jamming and anti-radar missiles;
SOU 9A310M1-2 and PZU 9A39M1-2 are equipped with objective control systems (SOK), which provides operational documented control of the process of combat operation of a self-propelled firing system (SOU) and launch-loading unit (PZU) with information output to a special electronic computer.
SOC can be used to monitor the actions of the crew of the firing installation during its training.