Presentation on the topic "diversity of ecosystems." Artificial ecosystems are ecosystems created by man. Comparative characteristics of natural and artificial ecosystems

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Presentation on the topic "Diversity of ecosystems" in geography in powerpoint format. This presentation for schoolchildren gives the concepts of natural and artificial ecosystems and provides examples of these ecosystems.

Fragments from the presentation

• Ecosystem, or ecological system(from ancient Greek οἶκος - dwelling, residence and σύστημα - system) - a biological system consisting of a community of living organisms (biocenosis), their habitat (biotope), a system of connections that exchanges matter and energy between them.
• Natural ecosystems– these are natural ecosystems, the study of which does not take into account any anthropogenic impacts.

Examples of natural ecosystems

Terrestrial ecosystems:

• Tundra: arctic and alpine;
• Boreal coniferous forests;
• Temperate deciduous forest;
• Temperate steppe;
• Tropical forest-steppes and savannas;
• Chaparral;
• Semi-desert: grassy and shrubby;
• Semi-evergreen tropical forest;
• Evergreen tropical rain forest.

Freshwater ecosystems:

• Lentic (still waters): lakes, ponds, etc.;
• Lotic (flowing waters): rivers, streams, etc.;
• Wetlands: Swamps and swampy forests.

Marine ecosystems:

• Open ocean (pelagic);
• Continental shelf waters (coastal waters);
• Upwelling areas (with productive fisheries);
• Estuaries (bays, straits, river mouths, etc.).

Freshwater ecosystem

The most favorable conditions for the life of organisms are created in the coastal zone. Features: high density of the medium, low oxygen content, slight temperature fluctuations.

Producers:

• Near the shore - algae and higher herbaceous plants (reeds, cattails, water horsetail);
• At the bottom there are mosses and bottom silt;
• Their role: the creation of organic substances from inorganic ones in the process of photosynthesis and the enrichment of water with oxygen.

Consumers:

• Heterotrophs, different types of animals - protozoa (flagellates, ciliates, amoebas), mollusks, lower crustaceans (daphnia, cyclops), crustaceans, insects, worms, amphibians (frogs, newts), fish (pike, perch - predatory, crucian carp - herbivores), mammals (muskrat, beavers, otters).
• Their role: breakdown of organic substances, enrichment of water with carbon dioxide.

Artificial ecosystems are ecosystems created by man.

Examples of artificial ecosystems

• Biological treatment facilities;
• A park;
• Field;
• City;
• Agrocenoses;
• Arable lands;
• Natural - economic systems;
• Reservoirs and canals.

Wheat field ecosystem

When using a field, a person uses a set of agrotechnical techniques: various methods of soil cultivation (ploughing, harrowing, disking and others), land reclamation (in case of excessive soil moisture), sometimes artificial irrigation, sowing (planting) high-yielding varieties of wheat, fertilizing, weed control, pests and plant diseases.

Producers:

• Wheat;
• Weeds.

Consumers:

• Insects (butterflies, caterpillars, bugs);
• Earthworms;
• Rodents (vole);
• Birds (partridge);
• Foxes;
• Granivores (gopher).

Ecosystems

natural

(natural)

artificial

(agrocenoses)

Agrocenoses – these are ecosystems, the structure and function of which is created, maintained and controlled by people in their own interests

1. Presence of three functional groups

(producers, consumers, decomposers)

Wheat field

producers

consumers

decomposers

Similarities of agrocenosis with a natural ecosystem:

2. Availability of food webs

rider

plants

owl

caterpillars

quail

lark

fox

mouse

Food web of agrocenosis

plants

caterpillars

mouse

rider

quail

lark

fox

owl

Similarities of agrocenosis with a natural ecosystem:

3. Tiered structure

Similarities of agrocenosis with a natural ecosystem:

abiotic factors

Similarities of agrocenosis with a natural ecosystem:

4. Influence of environmental factors

biotic factors

Similarities of agrocenosis with a natural ecosystem:

4. Influence of environmental factors

anthropogenic factors

Similarities of agrocenosis with a natural ecosystem:

5. Eat often species - dominant

Species – dominant– a species that predominates in an ecosystem in terms of numbers and influence

Characteristics

Natural ecosystem

Agrocenosis

Differences between agrocenosis and natural ecosystem:

characteristics

Natural ecosystem

1. Species diversity

Agrocenosis

Many species forming highly branched food webs

There are fewer species, the dominant species is determined by man

Differences between agrocenosis and natural ecosystem:

characteristics

Natural ecosystem

2. Sustainability

Agrocenosis

Unstable, without a person dies

Stable

Changing agrocenosis to a natural ecosystem

garden

weeds

Differences between agrocenosis and natural ecosystem:

characteristics

Natural ecosystem

3. Action of selection

Agrocenosis

Valid natural selection , more adapted individuals remain

Natural selection is weakened and in effect artificial selection , valuable individuals remain

Differences between agrocenosis and natural ecosystem:

characteristics

Natural ecosystem

4. Energy source

Agrocenosis

Solar energy and human energy (watering, weeding, fertilizing, etc.)

Energy of sun

Differences between agrocenosis and natural ecosystem:

characteristics

Natural ecosystem

5. Cycle of elements

Agrocenosis

Some of the elements are taken by the person with the harvest, the cycle is incomplete

Full cycle

Differences between agrocenosis and natural ecosystem:

characteristics

Natural ecosystem

6. Self-regulation

Agrocenosis

Man regulates

Capable of self-regulation

Differences between agrocenosis and natural ecosystem:

characteristics

Natural ecosystem

7. Productivity (creation of organic substances during photosynthesis per unit time)

Agrocenosis

High thanks to man

Depends on natural conditions

1. Change of crops (crop rotation);

2. Use of fertilizers;

3. Use of high-yielding plant varieties;

Ways to increase the productivity of agrocenosis:

4. Protection of soils from erosion (forest belts, proper tillage);

5. Biological methods of pest control;

6. Taking into account the biological characteristics of organisms

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Natural ecosystem Ecosystems are unified natural complexes that are formed by a combination of living organisms and their habitat. The science of ecology studies these formations. The term “ecosystem” appeared in 1935. It was proposed to be used by the English ecologist A. Tansley. A natural or natural-anthropogenic complex in which both living and indirect components are closely interconnected through metabolism and distribution of energy flow - all this is included in the concept of “ecosystem”. There are different types of ecosystems. These basic functional units of the biosphere are divided into separate groups and studied by environmental science. -

Artificial ecosystems are anthropogenic ecosystems. Let us trace the similarities between anthropogenic ecosystems and natural ones and their differences using some examples. City. Any city, especially an industrial one, is a heterotrophic ecosystem that receives energy, food, water and other substances from large areas located outside its borders. The city differs from natural heterotrophic systems. The existence of an industrial city is supported by a colossal influx of energy, while there is also a huge outflow in the form of heat production, industrial and household waste. Most cities have a “green belt,” i.e., an autotrophic component (lawns, shrubs, trees, ponds, lakes, etc.). However, the organic products of this green belt do not play a significant role in supplying energy to the mechanisms and people inhabiting the city. Urban forests and parks are of aesthetic and recreational value only; they mitigate temperature fluctuations, reduce pollution and noise pollution, and provide habitat for birds and small animals. But the labor and fuel spent on their maintenance increase the cost of living in the city. Without huge supplies of food, fuel, electricity and water from outside, people would die or leave the city. Although the land area occupied by cities is not that large (1 5%), but by affecting the vast environment at the inlet and outlet, they change waterways, forests, fields, the atmosphere and the ocean. A city can influence a remote forest not only directly through air pollution or demand for forest products and timber, but also by changing the composition of the trees there. For example, the demand for paper exerts economic pressure as natural forests consisting of trees of different species and ages are converted into plantations of trees of the same species and age. A hectare of a city consumes thousands of times more energy than the same area of ​​a rural area. The heat, dust and other air pollutants generated as a result of the functioning of the city significantly change the climate of cities. Cities are warmer, have more cloudiness, less sun, and more fog than the surrounding countryside. Urban construction has become a major cause of soil erosion. The amount of environmental pollution at the exit of a city depends on the intensity of its life activity and the degree of technical development. The lack of treatment facilities for wastewater and atmospheric emissions, and the processing of solid waste lead to a strong impact on the environment in the vicinity of the city in the form of acid rain, household and industrial waste.