Heating and hot water supply of an apartment building. Hot water supply scheme

In order for any residential building to function normally, it is necessary to install a water supply system. Its competent device will ensure timely supply and sufficient water pressure. This article will discuss in detail the hot water supply scheme, connection types and its features in an apartment building.

Scheme of water supply and sanitation - Photo 01

What is the peculiarity of the water supply of an apartment building?

Providing water to a building with a large number of storeys is very difficult. After all, the house consists of many apartments with separate bathrooms and plumbing fixtures. In other words, water supply schemes in apartment buildings are a kind of complex with separate piping, pressure regulators, filters and metering equipment.

Most often, residents of high-rise buildings use water from the central water supply. With the help of a water pipe, it is supplied to individual plumbing fixtures under a certain pressure. Water is often treated with chlorination.

The composition of the central water supply system

Centralized water supply schemes in multi-storey buildings consist of a distribution network, water intake facilities and treatment plants. Before getting into the apartment, the water goes a long way from the pumping station to the reservoir. Only after cleaning and disinfection is water sent to the distribution network. With the help of the latter, water is supplied to appliances and equipment. The pipes of the central hot water supply scheme of a multi-storey building can be made of copper, metal-plastic and steel.

Schematic diagram of a centralized water supply system - Photo 02

The latter type of material is practically not used in modern buildings.

Types of water supply schemes

The water supply system is of three types:

• collector;
• consistent;
• combined (mixed).

Recently, when a large number of plumbing equipment is increasingly found in apartments, a collector wiring scheme is used. It is the best option for the normal functioning of all devices. The collector-type hot water supply circuit eliminates pressure drops at different connection points. This is the main advantage of this system.

Scheme of manifold pipe wiring - Photo 03

If we consider the scheme in more detail, we can conclude that there will be no problems using plumbing equipment for its intended purpose at the same time. The essence of the connection is such that each individual water consumer is connected to the collectors of the cold and hot water supply riser in isolation. Pipes do not have many branches, so the likelihood of leakage is very small. Such water supply schemes in multi-storey buildings are easy to maintain, but the cost of equipment is quite high.

According to experts, the hot water collector scheme requires the installation of a more complex installation of plumbing fixtures. However, these negative aspects are not so critical, especially considering the fact that the collector circuit has many advantages, for example, hidden pipe installation and consideration of individual equipment features.

Sequential scheme for distributing water supply pipes in an apartment - Photo 04

A sequential hot water supply scheme for a multi-storey building is the easiest wiring method. Such a system has been tested by time, it was put into operation in the days of the USSR. The essence of its device is that the pipeline of cold and hot water supply is carried out parallel to each other. Engineers advise using this system in apartments with one bathroom and a small amount of plumbing equipment.

In the people, such a hot water supply scheme for a multi-storey building is called a tee. That is, branches come from the main highways, which are connected to each other by tees. Despite the ease of installation and saving consumables, this scheme has several main disadvantages:

1. In the event of a leak, it is difficult to find damaged areas.
2. The impossibility of supplying water to a separate plumbing fixture.
3. Difficulty of access to pipes in case of breakage.

Hot water supply of an apartment building. Scheme

Pipe layouts are divided into two types: to the riser of hot and cold water supply. Briefly they are called HVS and DHW. The hot water supply system of an apartment building deserves special attention. The scheme of DHW networks consists of two types of wiring - lower and upper. Looped wires are often used to maintain high temperature in the pipeline. The gravitational pressure forces the water to circulate in the ring, despite the lack of water intake. In the riser, it cools and enters the heater. Water with a higher temperature is supplied to the pipes. So there is a continuous circulation of the coolant.

Hot water supply device at home - Photo 05

Dead-end highways are also not uncommon, but most often they can be found in the utility rooms of industrial facilities and in small residential buildings with low floors. If the water intake is planned intermittently, then a circulation pipeline is used. Engineers advise using hot water supply in apartment buildings (the scheme was discussed above) with a number of floors no more than 4. A pipeline with a dead-end riser is also found in hostels, sanatoriums and hotels. Pipes of a dead-end network have a lower metal consumption, therefore they cool down faster.

DHW networks include a horizontal main pipeline and distribution risers. The latter provide piping for individual objects - apartments. Hot water supply is mounted as close as possible to the plumbing equipment.

For buildings with a long length of main pipes, schemes with circulation and looped supply pipelines are used. A prerequisite is the installation of a pump to maintain circulation and constant water exchange.

Single-pipe DHW scheme - Photo 06

Two-pipe DHW scheme - Photo 07

Modern builders and engineers are increasingly resorting to the use of two-pipe hot water systems. The principle of operation is that the pump takes water from the return line and supplies it to the heater. Such a pipeline has a higher metal content and is considered the most reliable for consumers.

For the normal functioning of any construction projects, including an apartment building, it is very important to have a good water supply. Water supply in an apartment building is a central water supply line, as well as intra-house and apartment piping.

Issues covered in the article:

• What are the features of the water supply system in an apartment building.
• What water supply schemes are used in an apartment building.
• What types of pipes are suitable for supplying water to apartments.
• Whose competence is the replacement of water supply risers in the MKD.
• How is the hot water supply scheme built.
• How to increase the pressure in the water supply system.

What are the features of the water supply system in an apartment building

It is quite difficult to establish cold and hot water supply in an apartment building, since there are many consumers. Each apartment is a separate object of an apartment building, which must be provided with water supply. At the same time, pipes of different diameters are a single structure with a rather complex wiring system.

The water supply system in an apartment building is a large and unified complex of pumping equipment with filters and meters (meters) installed in it, also with shut-off and control valves and apartment-by-apartment piping.

Mandatory elements in the water supply scheme of an apartment building are pressure regulators. The water entering the MKD apartments must go through several preliminary stages of purification from any impurities of mechanical origin. In addition, chlorination is often carried out to disinfect water.

The most convenient water supply system in an apartment building is recognized as central water supply. That is, high-quality water is supplied for central water supply under the influence of high pressure. At the same time, water circulation is ensured by means of a water supply system located on the territory of all cities and settlements. Most often, water is supplied from surface water bodies located far enough from sources of pollution. Such a water supply system in an apartment building consists of three components:

• water intake facilities;
• cleaning stations;
• distribution network.

Thanks to the elements described above, water from the pumping station first enters a reservoir, where it is purified, and then enters the distribution network to supply water to the necessary facilities. Such a water supply system will function well only with high-quality and correct piping, as well as with good pressure.

Since the water supply in an apartment building should provide water to a sufficiently large number of users, the central water supply can be carried out using a well arranged thanks to a special water intake tower. The best option for a well is an artesian one, when water is taken from a great depth and therefore is of very high quality and clean. However, this method of water intake is quite expensive and is more often used to provide water supply not in an apartment building, but in a club house (cottage house with a small number of apartments).

The water supply system in an apartment building using a water tower consists of several elements:

• caisson;
• main tank for water intake;
• pumping station.

A caisson is a metal container located at a depth of 2-2.5 m above the well itself. A pipe is installed in the caisson, which brings water out of the well. The concrete ring caisson is considered the worst in terms of tightness. Violation of tightness leads to frequent flooding from the rising groundwater.

With the help of a pumping station and a caisson, water is transported to a storage tank, in which an automatic valve on a float is installed, which turns on the pump when the water in the tank drops and does not reach a certain level.

The level of total pressure in such a water supply system in an apartment building depends on the volume of the storage tank or tank. Even if the electrical energy is turned off, water still continues to flow into the apartments until the pressure in the tank decreases due to the lowering of the water level.

Cold water supply scheme in an apartment building: 3 main types

The operation of any household appliance in an apartment that is connected to water depends on the competent installation of the water supply system in an apartment building. Thanks to a competent water supply scheme, all apartments should be provided with water using a central water supply system, while water should flow to all necessary points of supply.

At the moment, there are several ways to provide cold water supply in an apartment building.

Scheme 1.Scheme of consistent water supply of the apartment.

The simplest and most practical way of apartment water supply in an apartment building is a serial connection scheme. This option is affordable and affordable for engineering communications. This scheme is common in residential buildings.

With this scheme, the main pipelines with hot and cold water are mounted in parallel, and any equipment is connected using tees, and therefore this scheme is sometimes called a "tee connection".

Such a water supply scheme in an apartment building implies the presence of a common line for a large number of users, from which wiring is done using the same tees. The main pipe of large diameter is like an elongated collector.

This water supply scheme is not only very common, but also ideal for the water supply of an ordinary apartment, in which there is one bathroom and there are not a large number of household appliances that work by obtaining water resources. Such a water supply scheme in an apartment building has its strengths and weaknesses.

Strengths:

• saving pipes to a large extent;
• the project is quite simple and easy;
• plumbing costs are reduced.

Weak sides:

• in the case of the simultaneous use of several open devices, a sharp drop in pressure is possible at the end points of the water supply;
• there is no way to selectively turn off the system, that is, if one pipe breaks, it will be necessary to turn off the water supply in the entire apartment;
• it is quite difficult to determine the place of the leak;
• no free access to tees;
• if an accident occurs, it will be necessary to violate the finishing layer of the wall or floor.

Only qualified specialists should carry out the distribution of pipes in accordance with the sequential water supply scheme in an apartment building. Only in this case the pipe will not immediately leak, and the pressure will be normal.

Scheme 2.Collector scheme.

The operation of household appliances that depend on water may be disrupted due to a decrease in pressure in the general water supply circuit of an apartment building. To avoid this situation, a collector circuit is sometimes chosen.

Installing this system is quite expensive and difficult. Due to the fact that the pressure drop in the collector circuit is excluded, all points of the plumbing equipment can be used simultaneously. This possibility is achieved by the fact that a separate pipe is laid to each such point of water supply. If there is an urgent need, then each individual pipe can simply be blocked. In this case, no branches will depart from the main pipe, which makes the collector circuit as safe as possible for providing water supply in an apartment building. In addition, the likelihood of leakage is reduced due to the fact that the collector pipe is connected to the main one in only one place, and in general the main and collector pipes are located in parallel.

The figure of this scheme clearly shows its main principle - each water consumer is connected through a separate pipe directly to the collectors of cold and hot water supply. At the same time, the pipe itself does not have additional branches and unnecessary connections along its entire length. These circumstances exclude the possibility of leakage. Both connections (collector-pipe and pipe-water consumer) are always easily accessible for repair.

Strengths:

• system reliability due to a small number of connections;
• adjustment of the operation of a separate plumbing fixture;
• ease of maintenance and repair of the water supply system in an apartment building;
• the interior does not deteriorate due to the hidden installation of pipes.

Scheme 3.Mixed scheme.

Quite often, such a water supply scheme is used in an apartment building. Installation work in this case is cheaper, but only specialists can design such a scheme correctly, because the wrong device simply will not give the proper result.

Suppose that a collector water pipe runs through the basement, from which risers rise, while on each floor collectors are connected to the risers, feeding the sanitary appliances. So it turns out that the lower wiring and risers are equipped with a tee system, and a collector water supply system in an apartment building runs through the floors. In its purest form, a collector circuit is one or more collectors installed directly in the basement of an apartment building. From there, power is supplied to the rest of the devices.

Types of pipes used for water supply in an apartment building

There are several types of pipes that are used to organize water supply in apartment buildings.

1. Steel pipes.

Today, this type of pipe is practically not used in the organization of water supply in an apartment building. The fact is that at the moment this material has already used up its resource. Plus, these pipes are not cheap. And the installation itself is a rather expensive and labor-intensive pleasure. The main disadvantage of this type of pipe is the collection of condensate, which destroys the pipeline material. The volume of the pipe decreases due to the formation of rust and plaque inside it, which means that the throughput decreases.

1. Copper pipes.

The main advantage of copper pipes is a long service life (about 50 years). Such a service life is achieved by the absence of rusty formations, plus copper has bactericidal properties. All this causes the high cost of this type of pipes.

1. Metal pipes.

Metal-plastic pipes are quite popular today. Pipes made of this material are practical and reliable, and they are easy to install. To carry out the installation, you will need a special tool, and the joints are carried out by fittings. The metal-plastic pipe is able to withstand high loads (both physical and mechanical).

Water supply in an apartment building and sewerage

To ensure a comfortable life, a water supply system in an apartment building is simply necessary. At the same time, only specialists can competently mount such a system. For the installation of equipment, a special scheme must be drawn up, in accordance with which the installation will be carried out. If you mount the system correctly, it will be protected from leaks and deformations of drainage systems. Quite often, when installing a water supply system in an apartment building, the water supply through the riser is turned off.

If the installation of sewer pipes is carried out in the apartment for the first time, then it would be better not to change the usual location of all plumbing fixtures, that is, you should use the old scheme. For proper installation, you should measure the exact distance between the sink, toilet, bathtub and other equipment that runs on water supply and sketch out an appropriate plan for future work. In addition, you need to correctly determine the location of the clamps and the central sewer pipe. It is believed that a slope is required when creating a sewer system. You should also use only high quality materials.

Before installing new or replacing old sewer equipment in an apartment building, the general sewer riser and its condition should be assessed. In the absence of external signs of rust, then you can do without replacement. In cases where replacement is necessary, it is worthwhile to carry out this procedure carefully, since a damaged pipe is subject to deformation and, if handled carelessly, it may be necessary to replace the entire riser.

Sometimes it happens that it becomes necessary to lay new pipes due to the appearance of new equipment powered by water supply (washing machine, dishwasher, and so on). Also, a similar need may arise due to the connection of additional plumbing equipment.

To carry out a quality installation of sewage, you need:

• pipes;
• accessories;
• compositions for fixing and sealing;
• tools;
• fitting;
• appliances.

Water supply in an apartment building and heating

Today there are many options for heating and water supply systems in an apartment building. However, they are all relatively interdependent. This is especially true for heating. The fact is that heating in an apartment cannot be independent of the hot water supply.

Of course, you can carry out the heating system in the apartment yourself, but all your actions must be coordinated with the utilities. Often there is a need to replace old heating pipes with new ones. Previously, heating pipes were made of cast iron. However, cast-iron structures are prone to plaque formation and reduced permeability, which leads to the need to arrange annual pipe blowing. Modern analogues of heating systems do not require such care.

To replace old heating pipes, they must first be carefully dismantled. In this case, dismantling should begin with the central riser. Even in modern rooms, such pipes are located in the corner, since it is not customary to hide them in the walls. It is important to know that heating equipment can be dismantled and replaced only if there is no hot water in the system, that is, after the end of the heating season.

The water supply system in an apartment building can be installed in different ways. The main difference is always the method of cold water intake, its purification and supply. Particular attention should be paid to the distribution of pipes for supplying water in the apartment, and before that it is worth determining the amount of equipment powered by water supply.

How are the water supply risers located in an apartment building

Risers are a vertical arrangement of pipes in a water supply system. They are divided into three types:

• heating;
• water supply risers;
• sewer.

Maintenance of such installations is carried out by special organizations (for example, ZhEK, ZhES, and so on).

It is important to know certain legal aspects of this issue:

1. Serviceable communications, including water supply in an apartment building, must be provided by the management company. That is, the replacement of risers and pipes, the service life of which has ended, should also be carried out at the expense of the management company.
2. In a municipal building, risers should be replaced by the city or district administration.
3. If communication systems are privatized, then the repair work is paid by the residents themselves.

Sometimes the people who are responsible for replacing communications try to avoid their duties or charge for their services. In this scenario, residents have the right to issue an official application demanding repair or replacement of pipes. In the absence of any feedback, people living in an apartment building can write a complaint to the housing authority. Most often, such steps on the part of the tenants lead to the restoration of justice.

By whom and in what order is the replacement of water supply risers in an apartment building

Overhaul of water supply in an apartment building or overhaul of the entire worn-out housing stock is a rather costly business. Therefore, in cases where the management company skillfully evades fulfilling its obligations, the tenants are forced to chip in for repair work. However, in addition to financial and technical problems, there are a large number of organizational issues. It is important to understand that it can be effective for residents to replace entire risers. For example, replacing steel with propylene will improve the quality of your water supply. In addition, due to lower pressure losses in plastic pipes, the consumption of electricity for pumping to the upper floors will decrease (the pumping pumps are powered through a separate meter and the payment for it is distributed to the apartments of the pumped floors). Also, an impressive plus will be the fact that the prices for heating network services with such a replacement of pipes will be reduced by 10-20%.

In order to make the right decision regarding the emerging organizational issues for the repair and maintenance of water supply systems in an apartment building, it is necessary to know and understand certain technical features.

1. Replacing the riser in the apartment itself will not give any result. If you change the riser, then completely, from the basement to the outlet to the ventilation pipe, top plug, inspection hatch or drainage.
2. Risers are vital elements of the engineering communications system, an accident on which may entail, incl. and human sacrifice.
3. Housing legislation regarding risers (Article 36 and Clause 5 of Article 155 of the LC RF, Articles 290, 292 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) is clear: risers are not the property of residents, even if the apartment is privatized. Their owner is the UK (municipal housing office, departmental DEZ, private operating company).
4. The risers are replaced as part of a major overhaul, while the overhaul fees are paid as utility bills. If there are many pensioners, beneficiaries, students, the unemployed, and so on among those living in a particular apartment building, then there will most likely not be any free funds in the account of a completely honest management company. On the one hand, this is bad for residents (you need to deposit money), and on the other hand, it’s good (there is an opportunity to dictate your own terms).
5. Major repairs in a residential building are done every 25 years. The operational period can be extended based on the audit, however, the period between repairs cannot be increased.
6. It is not the responsibility of the management company to carry out a scheduled overhaul every 25 years. This fact also provides tenants with sufficient flexibility regarding organizational issues for repairing risers.
7. The riser where any emergency repair work has been carried out during this 25-year period will be considered emergency until the next major repair is carried out. This rule applies even if the malfunction was a small fistula through which a drop of water flowed out per day.
8. The priority signs of an accident in determining its degree are always external manifestations: patches, collars, weld seams, traces of caulking.

The regulation states that early repairs of engineering systems in a building can be made only in the event of a proven danger to the life and health of residents. To organize such repairs, representatives of the HOA or the management company must draw up an application and send it to the appropriate executive authority.

A decision to carry out a major overhaul, including the water supply system in an apartment building, will be able to be made only after several necessary checks, as well as examinations. The application is drawn up in free form, but in accordance with the generally accepted model.

At the beginning of the application, a header is drawn up, where the addressee (position, company name) is indicated, after which the surname, name and patronymic of the head, the applicant's data, address and contact phone number are written. The main text of the statement should reflect the essence of the problem, as well as reflect the latest date of the inspection. A description of the state of all engineering systems should be added. The conclusion must be dated and signed by the applicant.

If, after submitting such an application, a refusal was given, then the tenants must require its written execution, then they will be able to apply with this written refusal to the court. However, the decision of the court will have to wait a long time, perhaps even more than one year. Therefore, in this case, there are 2 possible options:

1. You can wait for a serious accident, which will entail the flooding of the entire entrance. In this case, the workers will simply be forced to carry out repair work. However, sometimes it happens that the housing office employees simply make a patch in a problematic place, and do not replace the entire riser entirely.
2. You can hold a general meeting of homeowners and raise the issue of carrying out a quality replacement of pipes at your own expense. In this case, the payment from one apartment will be 3-5 thousand rubles.

Risers are installed in each house:

• heating system;
• sewer;
• for supplying cold and hot water to the apartment.

Replacing any of the above risers for repairing the water supply system in an apartment building is carried out in the following sequence:

1. Overlapping of the repaired riser.

If we are talking about hot water and cold water, then it is worth waiting some time after the overlap, as the remaining liquid will still drain. If it is planned to replace the sewer riser, then none of the residents should drain the water (it should be turned off).

1. Elimination of old pipes.

It is necessary to invite locksmiths through the management company, since this type of work is quite complicated, especially if the pipes are cast iron.

1. Installation of new pipes.

Now you should open the water and make sure there are no leaks. The best option would be the simultaneous replacement of communications throughout the house. This reduces the likelihood of leaks and emergencies.

Despite the fact that the basic principle of work on replacing communication systems is the same everywhere, there are still some features.

During the replacement of the heating riser:

• draw up a statement about the need to turn off the heat supply and send it to the management company, since it will not work to turn off the riser on your own without special knowledge;
• consider installing shut-off valves while connecting the batteries, this will eliminate the need to shut off the heat throughout the house if a leak is detected;
• do not resort to an excessively narrow diameter when installing pipes, otherwise the pipe will burst due to high pressure in the central heating system.

To replace the water riser, you need to choose the right type of pipe. Cold water and hot water systems are different, since when supplying hot water, plastic reinforced pipes are used that do not deform from high temperatures.

It is better to replace pipes in the whole house at once. However, sometimes it happens that some neighbors are against it, then the master simply cuts off the old pipe in the apartment in front of the ceilings (upper and lower) and installs special fittings. It is necessary to carry out dismantling from the upper floors, but you need to mount a new riser from the first floor.

Expert opinion

How to share responsibility for water supply with RSO

Elena Sholomova,

lawyer, auditor, chairman of the board of TSN "green, 22"

1. Where is the border between cold water and hot water networks.

The common property of an apartment building includes cold water and hot water systems, which consist of:

• risers, branches from risers to the first disconnecting device located on branches from risers, disconnecting devices;
• ODPU cold and hot water;
• the first shut-off and control valves on the outlets of the intra-apartment wiring from the risers;
• mechanical, electrical, sanitary and other equipment located on these networks.

The main reason why you need to know who is responsible for what is finances. The responsible person must maintain his property and pay for losses on the networks, as well as deal with emergency situations. Even the smallest accident on the network "in the ground" will be quite expensive, as it will be necessary to organize excavations, and then new landscaping. And if a parking lot or some other object is found on the network, then the task may not be feasible at all.

The person in charge of the network section is also responsible for all the consequences of the accident. This person will also respond to consumer complaints.

Owners should not bear the costs of maintaining property that does not belong to them. It cannot be argued that the disputed area belongs to the common property only because it is not on the balance sheet of the North Ossetia. This position was defended by the HOA from Khabarovsk (determination of the Judicial Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of March 21, 2016 No. 303-ES16-917).

1. Where is the border on thermal networks.

According to the law, the common property includes:

• risers;
• heating elements;
• control and shutoff valves;
• ODPU thermal energy;
• other equipment located on these networks.

The place of fulfillment of the obligations of the heat supply organization is the point of delivery located on the border of the balance belonging of the heat-consuming installation or the heat network of the consumer and the heat network of the heat supply organization, or at the point of connection to the ownerless heat network.

It is necessary to defend the position that the equipment or the disputed section of the network is not part of the common house property. It is worth referring to the absence of minutes of the general meeting and the absence of references to the disputed object in the apartment building management agreement. And to transfer the place of delimitation of balance sheet ownership, it is not enough for the RNO to say that the network site does not belong to it, the will of the owners of the premises in the MKD is necessary.

Such conclusions are contained in the ruling of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 21, 2015 in case No. 305-ES15-11564, A41-22117/2014.

1. Where is the sewer line.

According to the law, the following components of the in-house engineering drainage system are considered common property:

• sewer outlets;
• fittings (including bends, transitions, branch pipes, revisions, crosses, tees);
• risers, plugs, exhaust pipes, drain funnels;
• branches from risers to the first butt joints;
• other equipment located in this system.

If there is no act of delimitation of operational responsibility, then the boundary of operational responsibility is established along the boundary of the balance sheet (clause 32 of the Rules for Cold Water Supply and Sanitation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 29, 2013 No. 644).

If the water supply to the subscriber is carried out through ownerless networks that are transferred to the water utility, then the boundary of operational responsibility is established along the boundary of ownerless networks.

Often disputed areas are sewer outlets from the wall of an apartment building to the first manhole. Most often, a controversial issue arises after the completion of the construction of an MKD, when the developer does not transfer the external sewerage networks to municipal ownership. The boundary of operational responsibility for sewer networks, at the insistence of the water utility, in this case, should pass through the point of entry of the outlet into the first manhole. The fact is that:

1. Internal sewerage is a system of pipelines and devices within the boundaries of the outer contour of a building and structures, limited by outlets up to the first manhole, providing drainage of waste, rain and melt water into the sewerage network (clause 3.1.6 of SP 30.13330.2016 "SNiP 2.04.01- 85* Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings”). Hence the conclusion that the sewerage system, including sewer outlets and bends, branches from risers to the first butt joints, belongs to the common property. Therefore, according to the vodokanal, the demarcation should be established at the point where the outlet is connected to the sewer well.
2. The cost of maintaining and repairing sewerage sections from the outer boundary of the apartment building to the first manhole is not included in the tariff for the sewerage service, and sewer outlets serve only one apartment building.

In connection with the above, the water utility insists on servicing only the yard network of canals, but it refers the outlets from the outer wall of the house to the wells as the responsibility of the management company.

According to judicial practice, sewer outlets of apartment buildings should be divided into:

• the intra-house part, which is located inside the house to the outer border of its wall;
• the outer part, which runs from the outer boundary of the wall of the house to the walls of the sewer wells.

If something else has not been established by the general meeting of owners, then sewer outlets are considered common property only in the part that is located inside the apartment building (up to the outer border of its wall). The passage of external sections of sewer networks along the adjacent territory does not in itself classify them as common property (decisions of the Arbitration Court of the East Siberian District of August 24, 2016 in case No. A78-10409 / 2015, of the Arbitration Court of the North-Western District of May 5, 2016 in the case No. A56-27226 / 2015, of the Arbitration Court of the Ural District dated 03.10.2016 in case No. A76-4485 / 2015).

The rules of SP 30.13330.2016 do not apply to the relationship between you and the RSO. Any SNiP are applicable in the design and construction, but not in determining the composition of the common property in the MKD.

Hot water system in an apartment building

DHW is a whole system that consists of pipelines and various devices used to heat cold water and distribute hot water to consumers. Sometimes special pipes are used in the bathroom and toilet, which heat these rooms. These pipes are also operated as a dryer.

According to the radius of action, the hot water supply system in an apartment building can be:

1. Local.

Such a water supply system is usually created for a group of small objects or one small building. The consumer himself heats the water in this case thanks to a gas or electric flow-type boiler. Maintenance of local water supply systems must be regular, and their use is usually caused by the lack of the possibility of using a centralized hot water supply.

Strengths of the local hot water system in an apartment building:

• it works autonomously;
• repair of such a system is quite simple;
• heat losses are small.

1. Central.

This type of system appeared in connection with the liquidation of district and local boiler houses, as well as heat supply systems. These systems are much more practical to use, since there is no need to install special equipment for heating cold water and no additional wiring is needed. However, the central hot water system in an apartment building has its drawbacks:

• frequent repairs and regular maintenance of pipes;
• slow execution of requests for repairs by utilities;
• sudden pressure drops;
• insufficiently high temperature.

The local hot water system does not have such disadvantages.

Within the framework of centralized water heating and water supply systems, both open (network water is mixed with heated) and closed (water is heated through the surface without contacting the heat carrier) heating networks can be used.

Open heating systems are the most rational in use, although the quality of the supplied water in terms of temperature conditions can significantly deteriorate. Today, such systems are quite rare.

The closed hot water supply system in an apartment building has become more popular recently, since it is based on the use of a heat main with a completely separate, autonomous circuit (reservoir for pumping cold water). Cold water is pumped into this autonomous circuit, which then passes through the heat exchange elements. At the same time, the heat exchange elements take heat from the main water, which is heated in the CHP. Other sources of heat may also exist, but the most widespread is the direct transfer of heat using an open hot water system.

In this scenario, the quality of the hot water that is supplied to the house does not depend on the condition of the pipes located in the central heating system. If a closed system is used, then there are heat exchangers and additional pumping units.

A closed hot water supply system in an apartment building has certain advantages over an open system, namely, qualitative and bacteriological properties.

A closed hot water supply scheme in an apartment building ensures a stable temperature regime, regardless of the air temperature in winter.

Today, engineers often use a closed hot water system in an apartment building. The scheme of such a plan is considered more reliable.

DHW in an apartment can be carried out using several methods:

• water is heated in the boiler room, and then supplied to the consumer;
• water is heated in a special point, which is located in a quarter or district;
• water is heated using special equipment installed in the basement of an apartment building;
• water heating takes place in the consumer's apartment.

DHW can be circulating. With such a device, the movement of water constantly occurs through pipes and thus not only the supply of hot water, but also heating is ensured.

They also distinguish a dead-end DHW system. In this situation, the water is not used immediately, but may cool over time. In this regard, a special container is often installed in the apartment, where the water is heated and its temperature is maintained.

It would be more rational to use an individual DHW system, since a monthly fee must be paid for the use of a centralized system.

A boiler can be considered the most economical option for providing hot water in an apartment, since you will only have to pay for cold water, and hot water is provided by the user.

Scheme for increasing pressure and solving the problem of insufficient pressure

Quite often there is a problem of unstable water pressure in the pipeline. At the same time, this problem is familiar to both owners of private houses and residents of multi-apartment skyscrapers. However, in a private house, the pressure in the water supply system may drop due to a minor malfunction in the pumping equipment, which can easily be fixed on its own. But problems with central water supply in an apartment building arise for reasons beyond the control of users.

In any building, the water supply system has two networks: external and internal. The boundary between them is the valve flange, which is located immediately at the inlet after the pipeline crosses the wall.

In addition, the water supply system consists of two nodes: an inlet and a water meter, as well as risers with inlets and distribution branches. Also, one of the elements of the internal network can be a water pressure device.

Depending on which scheme is used, such a device can be a pump or a storage tank, such an element, due to the supply of water, can regulate the stability of the water supply with an increase in its consumption.

The main task of the internal water supply network in an apartment building is the distribution of water to distribution points or between consumers. The main role in this distribution is given to water intake fittings. Control valves only control the water flow.

It is the type of water supply system that determines the location and total number of the elements described above, as well as the ratio of the pressure characteristics of the internal and external networks.

By appointment, plumbing happens:

• household and drinking (usually provided in buildings up to 12 floors);
• household and drinking, combined with a fire-fighting water supply (buildings from 12 to 16 floors);
• separated drinking and fire-fighting household with supply of water of different quality (for high-rise buildings).

Of course, under different circumstances and in different cases, the pressure in the water supply system in an apartment building will vary significantly.

The simplest version of the water supply system is provided by a building up to 6 floors high. In this situation, at the entrance to the building, the pressure necessary for the operation of the internal pipeline is provided by the external network. In this case, there is no need to install any additional devices to increase the pressure.

If the external network cannot cope with the task and there is a need to increase the pressure, then the following schemes can be applied:

Scheme 1.Scheme with the introduction of a regulating capacitance.

If there is not enough pressure to supply water to a far or high point, and you need to increase the pressure for several hours, then this water supply scheme in an apartment building will be the most optimal. It is based on a fairly simple principle of operation: during a period of consumption decline (most often at night), the tank is filled, and when consumption increases (during the daytime), this supply of water ensures the normal functioning of the network.

Such tanks can be used not only to provide water supply in an apartment building with a large number of floors, but also to regulate the water supply of a private house.

This tank can be placed on the connection to plumbing equipment that needs a higher pressure (laundry, shower, and so on).

Scheme 2.Scheme with regular pumping of water by a pump.

If an insufficient level of pressure is constantly present, then, in order not to depend on the time of day, it is better to use a scheme with a booster pump. Such a pump is suitable for use in an apartment or a private house, which is connected to a central water supply with low pressure. The main disadvantage of this scheme is the asthmatic activation of the pump every time the tap is opened, which leads to fairly rapid wear of the equipment.

Scheme 3.A circuit in which there is both a booster pump and a control tank.

This scheme combines the advantages of both schemes described above and allows you to protect the pump from rapid wear. If the system has a hydraulic accumulator, that is, a tank for storing water, then the pump will turn on only when the water level in such a tank drops to a certain level. This is due to a signal from a special sensor in the form of a float, which is installed on the tank.

You can pick up a pump separately from the tank and vice versa, but there is a great alternative: a special water supply station that is installed on the pipeline. Such a station already includes both a water collection tank and the pump itself. This unit allows not only to optimize the pressure, but also provides the ability to supply water from the water intake (well, pond, water tower). In addition, this system is quite easy to use and can be installed independently.

If the building has more than 16 floors, then parallel (separate) water supply systems are more often used. Water is supplied to each such water supply network in an apartment building using booster pumps located together on the technical floor or in the basement. As a rule, such networks are fed with cold and hot water from water tanks.

Often, these networks are divided into zones: the required pressure for the lower floors is created using the pressure of the external pipeline, and for the upper floors - with the help of booster pumps.

The constant supply of hot water to an apartment building can be carried out by two methods using different principles of operation:

1. In the first case, the hot water supply of an apartment building takes water from the cold water pipeline (cold water supply), then the water is heated by an autonomous heat generator: an apartment boiler, a gas water heater or a boiler, a heat exchanger that uses the heat of a local stoker or CHP;
2. In the second case, the hot water supply scheme of an apartment building takes hot water directly from the heating main, and this principle is used in the residential sector much more often - in 90% of cases of organizing hot water supply in the housing stock.

Important: the advantage of the second version of the water supply system for a residential building is the best water quality, which is regulated by GOST R 51232-98. Also, when hot water is taken from a centralized heating main, the temperature and pressure of the liquid are quite stable and do not deviate from the specified parameters: the pressure in the pipeline of the hot water supply system is maintained at the level of cold water supply, and the temperature stabilizes in the common heat generator.

Let us consider the water supply of an apartment building according to the second option in more detail, since it is this scheme that is most often used both in the city and in country houses, including country houses or garden houses.

What elements does the water supply scheme of an apartment building include?

The water meter unit, which organizes the supply of water to the house, is responsible for the operation of several functions:

1. Takes into account the consumption of cold water supply, that is, it performs the function of a water meter;
2. It can shut off the supply of cold water to the house in case of emergency or if it is necessary to repair components and parts, as well as to eliminate leaks;
3. It serves as a coarse water filter: any hot water supply scheme of an apartment building should contain such a mud filter.

The device itself consists of the following nodes:

1. A set of shut-off valves (faucets, gate valves and gates) at the inlet and outlet of the device. Standardly these are gate valves, ball valves, valves;
2. Mechanical water meter, which is installed on one of the risers;
3. Mud filter (coarse water filter from large solid particles). This may be a metal mesh in the body, or a container in which solid debris settles to the bottom;
4. Pressure gauge or adapter for inserting a pressure gauge into the water supply circuit;
5. Bypass (bypass from a pipe section), which serves to turn off the water meter during repairs or reconciliation of data. The bypass is supplied with shut-off valves in the form of a ball valve or valve.

It is also an elevator unit that performs the following functions:

1. Ensures the full and continuous operation of the heating system in an apartment building, and also regulates its parameters;
2. Delivers hot water to the house, that is, provides hot water supply (hot water supply). The coolant itself in the heating system enters the hot water supply system of an apartment building straight from the centralized heating main;
3. The substation can switch the hot water supply between return and supply. This is sometimes necessary during severe frosts, since at this time the temperature of the coolant on the supply pipe can rise to 130-150 0 C, and this despite the fact that the standard temperature indicator at the supply should not exceed 750C.

The main element of the heating point is a water-jet elevator, where hot water from the pipeline scheme for supplying the working fluid in the house is mixed in the mixing chamber with the return coolant by injection through a special nozzle. Thus, the elevator allows a larger volume of coolant with a low temperature to pass through the heating circuit, and, since the injection is made through a nozzle, the supply volume is small.

It is possible to insert adapters for connecting hot water supply between the valves at the entrance of the route and the heat point - this is the most common connection scheme. The number of tie-ins - two or four (one or two on the supply and return). Two tie-ins are typical for old houses, four adapters are practiced in new buildings.

On the cold water route, a dead-end tie-in scheme with two connections is usually used: the water metering unit is connected to the bottling, and the bottling itself is connected to the risers through which the pipes are routed to the apartments. Water will move in such a cold water circuit only when disassembled, that is, when any mixers, taps, valves or gates are opened.

Disadvantages of this connection:

1. With a long absence of water intake for a specific riser, the water will be cold for a long time when draining;
2. Heated towel rails embedded on the hot water supply from the boiler rooms, which simultaneously heat the bathroom or bathroom, will be hot only when the hot water supply is drawn from a specific riser of the apartment. That is, they will almost always be cold, which will cause moisture to appear on the walls, mold or fungal diseases of the building materials of the room.

The heating station with four hot water connections in the house makes the circulation of hot water continuous, and this happens through two fillings and risers connected to each other by jumpers.

Important: if mechanical water meters are installed on the DHW tie-ins, then the water supply consumption will be taken into account without taking into account the water temperature, which is wrong, since you will have to overpay for hot water that was not in use.

Hot water supply can function in three ways:

1. From the supply pipe to the return pipe to the boiler room. Such a DHW system is effective only in the warm season when the heating system is turned off;
2. From supply pipe to supply pipe. Such a connection will bring maximum return in the demi-season - in autumn and spring, when the temperature of the coolant is low and far from the maximum;
3. From return pipe to return pipe. This DHW scheme is most efficient in extreme cold, when the temperature on the supply pipe rises ≥ 75 0 C.

The continuous movement of water requires a pressure difference between the start and end points of the tie-in into one circuit, and this difference is provided by flow restriction. Such a limiter is a special retaining washer - a steel pancake with a hole in the middle. Thus, the water that is transported from the inlet tie-in to the elevator encounters an obstacle in the form of a washer body, and this obstacle is adjusted by turning, which opens or closes the retaining hole.

But too much restriction of water movement in the pipeline route will disrupt the operation of the heat point, so the retaining washer must have a diameter 1 mm larger than the diameter of the heat point nozzle. This size is calculated by representatives of the heat supplier so that the temperature on the heating return pipe of the elevator unit lies within the standard limits of the temperature chart.

What is pipe filling and riser

These are pipes laid horizontally and carried through the basement of a residential building, which connect the risers with a heat point and a water meter. The bottling of cold water supply is done single, bottling hot water - in two copies.

The diameter of the DHW or cold water filling pipes can be 32-100 mm, and depends on the number of connected consumers. For any water supply scheme, ø 100 mm is too large, but this size is taken taking into account not only the actual condition of the route, but also taking into account the size of salt deposits and rust on the inner walls of metal pipes.

The pipe vertical riser distributes water to the apartments that are located above it. The standard scheme for such wiring includes several risers - for cold and hot water supply, sometimes - separately for heated towel rails. More wiring options:

1. Several groups of risers passing through one apartment and providing water to draw-off points located at a great distance from each other;
2. A group of risers in one apartment, which provides water to a neighboring apartment or several apartments;
3. When organizing hot water supply with pipe jumpers, you can combine up to seven groups of risers by apartments. Jumpers are equipped with Mayevsky cranes. This is called a circulating pipeline, or CHP.

The standard diameter of pipes for cold and hot water supply for risers is 25-40 mm. Risers for heated towel rails and idle risers are assembled from pipes ø 20 mm. Such risers provide both single-pipe and two-pipe heating systems at home.

Closed hot water system

The constant circulation of water in a closed hot water supply system is based on the principle of taking cold water from the pipeline and supplying it to the heat exchanger. After heating, the water is supplied to the distribution system around the apartment. The working fluid in the heating system and hot water for the technical needs of consumers are separated, since the coolant may have toxic inclusions to improve its heat transfer qualities. In addition, hot water pipes rust faster. Such a scheme is called closed due to the fact that the consumer uses heat, and not the coolant itself.

Pipe connection

The main function of the piping is to distribute water to the points of water intake in the apartment. The standard diameter of the supply pipes is 15 mm, the pipe grade is DN15, the material is steel. For PVC or metal-plastic pipes, the diameter must be the same. When repairing or replacing the piping, it is not recommended to use a smaller diameter so as not to change the design pressure parameters that the hot or cold water circulation system must comply with.

To organize the correct eyeliner, tees are most often used, with a more complex wiring diagram - collectors. Collector piping requires concealed installation, so the collector should be installed when servicing a large number of rooms in the house. After 10-15 years, metal pipes are overgrown from the inside with salt mineral deposits and rust, therefore, preventive work to restore the system's performance consists in cleaning the pipes with steel wire, or replacing old pipes with new ones.

With the seeming functionality and durability of PVC or metal-plastic pipes, it is recommended to use steel products for piping - they hold water hammer and temperature changes well. Such deviations in the DHW operating mode can often be observed when the heating system is turned on or turned off in an emergency. The pipe material should be laid in the plan for the water supply scheme of a residential building at the stage of drafting the project and the estimate.

1. Galvanized metal pipes - they have been used for many decades, and they have proven themselves from the very best side. The layer of zinc on the metal does not allow corrosion to develop, salt deposits do not hold on it. When purchasing galvanized products, it should be remembered that welding work on such a surface is not carried out, since the weld will remain unprotected by zinc - all connections must be made on the thread;
2. Pipe connections on fittings for soldering copper joints last much longer than steel and even galvanized pipes. Such connections with a solder connection do not need to be serviced, and they can be laid both in an open and hidden way;
3. Corrugated pipe eyeliner for cold or hot water supply made of stainless steel. Such products are simply and quickly mounted on threaded connections or compression fittings. No special equipment other than two adjustable wrenches is required for this. The guaranteed service life of stainless steel is not limited by the manufacturer. The only thing that will have to be changed over time is silicone seals.

Features of hot water supply and calculation of the volume of hot water

The calculation of the amount of hot water in the system depends on technical and operational factors:

1. Estimated hot water temperature;
2. The number of residents in an apartment building;
3. Parameters that plumbing fixtures can withstand, and the frequency of their work in the general water supply scheme;
4. the number of plumbing fixtures that are connected to the hot water supply.

Calculation example:

1. A family of four uses a 140 l bath. The bath is filled in 10 minutes, the bathroom has a shower with a water consumption of 30 liters.
2. Within 10 minutes, the device for heating water should heat it up to the design temperature in the amount of 170 liters.

These theoretical calculations work assuming average water consumption by residents.

Breakdowns in the hot or cold water distribution system

With your own hands, you can fix the following emergencies:

Leaking valve or faucet. This happens most often due to wear of the oil seal or seal. To eliminate the malfunction, it is necessary to open the valve completely and with force so that the raised stuffing box closes the leak. This technique will help for a while, in the future the valve must be sorted out and worn parts replaced.

Noise and vibration of a valve or tap when opening in a hot water supply system (less often - cold). The cause of noise is most often wear, deformation or crushing of the gasket in the crane box of the mechanism. Noises appear if the valve does not open completely. This malfunction can cause a series of water hammers in the pipes, so its elimination is of paramount importance. In a few milliseconds, the crane box valve is able to close the valve seat in the valve or valve body, if it is not a ball valve, but a screw one. Why is the risk of water hammer higher in DHW? Because in pipes with hot water, the working pressure is greater.

How to troubleshoot:

1. Shut off the water at the inlet;
2. Unscrew the crane box of the noisy crane;
3. Replace the gasket, but bevel the new gasket before installing to prevent the valve from vibrating when opening at high pressure.

The towel warmer does not heat up. The cause of the breakdown may be the presence of air in the water supply system with constant circulation of the coolant. Usually, air accumulates in a pipe jumper, which is mounted between adjacent risers, after an emergency or planned drain of water. The problem is eliminated by bleeding air jams. For this you need:

1. Bleed air at the highest point of the system - on the top floor;
2. Shut off the hot water riser, which is located in the apartment (the riser is blocked in the basement of the house);
3. Open all hot water taps in the apartment;
4. After bleeding through the taps and mixers, you need to close them. And on the riser, open the shut-off valve.

Hidden faults

At the end of the heating season, the pressure difference between the pipes of the heating main may not be observed, and because of this, heated towel rails connected directly to the hot water supply will be cold. This is not a cause for concern - you need to bleed the air, which equalizes the pressure, and the heating will be restored.

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