Heating of a private house: types, schemes, selection of the main elements of the system. Which heating system to choose for a private house Heating system of a private house
- ranging from solid fuel boilers for home heating and ending with heat pumps. Most homeowners believe that it is profitable to heat the house with a gas boiler, but FORUMHOUSE users know that under certain conditions this is far from the most optimal solution.
Due to the constant rise in energy prices and the high cost of connection, many developers are concerned about the following issues.
- Is there an alternative to the main gas;
- What features can different heating systems have;
- How to calculate the price of a particular type of fuel;
- Is it profitable to use solid fuel heating systems;
- How to heat a house with electricity and not go broke;
- Can a home heat pump replace traditional heating systems.
And experts and users of our forum will help you find answers to these questions!
The main criteria for choosing a heating system
Construction experience suggests that autonomous heating of a private house is selected taking into account many factors: the degree of availability of a particular type of fuel, the estimated monthly heating costs, climatic living conditions and building heat loss.
Heating a house in a temperate climate is one task, and completely different requirements are placed on the heating system in regions with an even colder climate than in Moscow and a months-long heating season.
The efficiency of the heating system at home depends not onlyon the thermal characteristics of the fuel and the efficiency of the boiler, but also on the design features of the house and the degree of its heat loss.
A poorly insulated dwelling nullifies the work of the most highly efficient heating system!
Therefore, the choice of a heating system and boiler equipment must begin at the design stage of your future home. Any of the experienced developers will agree with the statement that there are no trifles here, and any mistake or flaw can lead to costly rework.
First of all, let's consider .
Alexander KhadynskyHead of the heating systems department of the company "My fireplace"
The choice of heating system, first of all, depends on what communications are connected to the house. If the main gas is already connected, then the choice of fuel usually ends there, because. at the moment, heating the house due to main gas is recognized as the best solution.
It is also worth considering the convenience of operating the heating system in different modes of residence: daily, weekend mode, one-time visits. Only after weighing all the pros and cons, you can choose the best option.
In the absence of main gas, the process of heating the house on the so-called gas tank is possible - a sealed container buried on the site and in need of periodic refueling.
The advantages of liquefied gas, as well as main gas, are clean exhaust, the ability to install compact chimneys and small boilers for heating poison.
With all the advantages, this system of autonomous heating of the house has a number of disadvantages.
Anatoly Gurin CEO of DoM Engineering Systems
The main disadvantages of a gas tank include: expensive installation, inconvenience of refueling, obtaining permits, and the need for periodic maintenance by highly qualified personnel. In addition, the gas tank takes up a lot of space on the site.
Igor Larin Head of "Boiler Equipment" WIRBEL
The choice of fuel, and hence the boiler equipment, depends on the degree of its availability in a particular region. If the house has main natural gas, then the choice is obvious in its favor, if not, then it is necessary to assess the cost and availability of other types of fuel for heating in the area, and install equipment accordingly.
How to replace gas
The advantages of gas are well known, but all of them are offset by the extremely high price of supplying it. Let's consider alternatives.
Liquid fuel
Diesel heating – requires the installation of expensive and complex equipment.
It is necessary to find a place to install a fuel tank. Diesel fuel has a peculiar and not for everyone pleasant smell. Also, due to the constant increase in prices for hydrocarbon fuels, heating with diesel fuel is one of the most expensive ways to heat a house. Among the main advantages for this type of home heating, a high degree of automation of the boiler and the ubiquity of diesel fuel can be distinguished.
Electricity
Electric boilers are easy to operate, environmentally friendly, safe and silent.
Alexander Khadynsky
However, with low initial costs for the purchase of equipment, it is very expensive to heat with electricity, and during power outages, you can be left without heating and without hot water. Also, an electric boiler for heating a house will need to install separate wiring, and if its power exceeds 9 kW, a three-phase network of 380 V.
In addition to electric boilers, there are such heating devices as electric convectors and infrared emitters.
The advantages of heating with electric convectors and infrared emitters include minimal initial costs and ease of equipment installation. You do not have to deal with the arrangement of the boiler room or conduct heating pipes. It would seem that he took the device out of the box, plugged it into the network and use it. But, as practice shows, not everything is so simple.
Oleg Dunaev civil engineer
A well-insulated house can be successfully heated with an electric convector only if there is sufficient electrical power.
- high equipment efficiency;
- ease of installation;
- presentable appearance;
- safety of use;
- the ability to program energy-saving modes.
The cons include:
- additional costs for high-quality wiring;
- increased requirements for the quality of power supply elements.
Unlike an electric boiler, the installation of a convector or any model of an IR emitter does not require laying pipes and the presence of a heat carrier, as a result, inefficient energy costs for heating water (coolant), boiler and pipes are reduced, and heat losses are reduced.
Here are the main criteria for choosing such a heating system.
Oleg Dunaev
:
- We choose this way: the power of one convector is up to 1.5 kW (more - the plugs melt and the relay contacts burn).
The programmer has its own power supply (settings are saved when the power is turned off). For 10 sq.m. area requires approximately 1 kW of convector power.
Electricity - 380V, 3 phases, permitted power - at least 15 kW. Wiring section - 3x2.5 sq. Mm. We lay dedicated converter lines and connect no more than three convectors to one line.
A wall-mounted electric convector is best hung under a window about 15 cm from the floor.
Heating with electricity is one of the most expensive ways to heat a home. It would seem that cheap heating with electricity is a myth. However, a user of our forum Alexander Fedortsov(nickname on the forum Skeptic ) refutes this assertion by its own example.
Skeptic Forumhouse User
I independently built a well-insulated frame house on the foundation of the UWB. First, according to the project for heating a house with an area of 186 sq.m. a solid fuel boiler was supposed. After a little thought, I decided that I didn’t want to become a stoker at all, but it was better to use the night tariff and heat water in a reliable home-made heat accumulator with a volume of 1.7 cubic meters.
Water heated overnight by electric heating elements up to 50 C, allows you to successfully heat the house in the winter months with a water heated floor system. You can monitor the temperature with a custom controller.
Alexander Fedortsov
I put the floor heating unit in the boiler room on a sheet of foam plastic of 35 density and 10 cm thick. The heat accumulator is well insulated - 20 cm of stone wool on the tank lid, on the walls - 15 cm. .rubles In January, they wound up no more than 2 thousand rubles. T
solid fuel
Firewood, coal, fuel briquettes.
Alexander Khadynsky
A solid fuel boiler (coal, firewood) requires constant attention, practically turning its owner into a stoker. Such structures can be used in places where neither gas nor electricity is supplied. They are the most affordable and are the cheapest. When using solid fuel boilers, it is especially important to observe fire safety measures.
Igor Larin
The degree of autonomy of solid fuel boilers can be increased by using a buffer tank - a heat accumulator in the system. Thanks to TA, heat is accumulated and the number of bookmarks in the boiler is reduced.
On average, the operating time of a solid fuel boiler on one tab is at least 3 hours, maximum 12 or more hours. The temperature regulator controls the air supply to the combustion chamber, and overheating protection is provided by a special valve and overheating protection heat exchanger.
When using solid fuels, there is no need to communicate with supply companies and obtain permits for installing a boiler. Everything is regulated by SNiPs, which must be followed during the installation of heating equipment. You should also follow the manufacturer's recommendations for fire safety.
As a backup heating system in case of a power outage, it makes sense to install a multi-fuel boiler or combine several heaters.
Alexander Khadynsky
An additional boiler is often used to increase the degree of automation of a solid fuel boiler, an electric boiler or a fireplace with a water circuit are connected to the circuit.
Autonomous heating in a private house through combined boiler rooms is an expensive option. These types of boilers combine three types of boilers at once - solid fuel, electric with a gas or diesel burner and are the most expensive of household boilers. In the event of a power outage, it is better to connect an uninterruptible power supply, which will allow the equipment to continue operating for up to 48 hours during the power outage.
Igor Larin
It is possible and even necessary to combine different devices for space heating, especially in regions where fuel shortages are possible.
Practical are systems where solid fuel boilers are combined with wood-burning fireplaces, i.e. the system includes an additional heat generator (fireplace), which supports or accelerates the heating of the system.
The benefit of using multi-fuel boilers is the ability to combine two types of fuel in the same equipment. In a boiler with two furnaces, solid fuel (wood, coal, briquettes) can be burned in one, and a burner (diesel or pellet) can be installed in the other. Thus, the homeowner, depending on the situation, can choose the type of heating that is convenient for him.
Anatoly Gurin :
- The undoubted advantages of pellet heating include: autonomy, its low cost relative to electricity and diesel fuel with propane. Among the minuses, it can be noted that it is necessary to find a place for storing pellets.
And low-quality pellets, due to incomplete combustion, reduce the efficiency of the boiler.
The boiler itself requires weekly attention, because. it is necessary to clean the burner and fill the pellets.
The time of continuous operation of the boiler can be significantly increased by installing an additional bunker for pellets.
In recent years, it has become more and more popular alternative heating systems houses built on heat pump etc. (see diagram).
Anatoly Gurin
:
– The principle of operation is simple: the heat pump transfers warm air from the street to the house. The easiest way to imagine a heat pump is like a refrigerator: the freezer is in the ground, and the radiator is in the house.
The experience of using such a heating system shows that, having spent only 1 kW of electricity, we get 5 kW of heat.
Despite the fact that such a heating system has been known for decades, many are stopped by the high initial costs required for its installation.
A heating system is a long-term investment in your home, and lower initial costs are further offset by higher fuel and boiler maintenance costs.
Benefits of using a heat pump:
- low, 5 times less than when heating a house with electricity, ;
- when air circulates from the street to the house, there are no emissions;
- the system does not require maintenance;
- autonomy of operation: the heat pump requires only electricity, and in the event of a power outage, the heat pump can be easily powered from a gas generator.
How to understand what is more profitable to heat a house
The cost of heating consists of the cost of fuel. There is no universal fuel that is equally suitable for every region or home. Therefore, it is necessary to make a calculation based on the specific situation.
Igor Larin
When choosing a fuel, one should not be guided only by momentary profit, it is necessary to focus on the long term.
There is no gas and there will not be, but there are woodworking enterprises around, respectively, there will be (or already are) pellet manufacturers. In this case, an effective solution would be to install a solid fuel boiler, which can later be turned into a pellet one (by installing a pellet burner in the lower door).
There may also be a situation when gas should be carried out in 1-2 years. At this time, you can put a solid fuel boiler and then install a gas burner in it.
Anatoly Gurin
It is necessary to choose the cheapest fuel in the region. It will be most profitable for them to heat the house. For an objective calculation, it is best to compile a summary table that displays the types of heat sources available, their construction costs, operating costs and service life.
In the long term, it is important to take into account such a factor as the convenience of using a heat source. Experience shows that no matter how cheap fuel is, its low price can be crossed out by the minimum degree of autonomy of the boiler and an increased degree of attention to the operation of this equipment. 
Alexander Khadynsky
It is necessary to conduct a brief analysis of the most probable methods of heating with one or another type of fuel.
Knowing the power of the boiler, you can calculate the cost of heating costs per month. Approximate calculation - 1 kW is needed to heat 10 sq.m. (provided that the distance from floor to ceiling is up to - 3 m), in addition, you need to take a margin of 15-20%, which is necessary for preparing hot water.
On average, boiler equipment operates for about 10 hours / day. The heating season in central Russia lasts 7-8 months a year, the rest of the time the boiler works to prepare hot water and maintain a minimum temperature of + 8C in the house.
Total:
Electricity: Approximately 1 kWh of electricity is consumed to produce 1 kWh of thermal energy.
Solid fuel: Approximately 0.4 kg/hour of firewood is consumed to obtain 1 kW/h of thermal energy.
Diesel fuel: Approximately 0.1 liter of diesel fuel is consumed to obtain 1 kWh of thermal energy.
Gas: Approximately 0.1 kg of liquefied gas is consumed to produce 1 kWh of thermal energy.
In the long term, it is necessary to take into account the increase in fuel prices, based on the trends of recent years, and the payback period for the initial investment.
Thus, the choice of a heating system consists of a whole range of measures and engineering solutions that require a balanced approach and a thorough analysis of each specific situation.
Watch videos about the unusual layout of the heating system and how to organize efficient and cheap heating with electricity on your own.
In order for your stay in a private house to be as comfortable as possible, it must certainly have such an important element as the heating system of a private house. Only with its help you can create surprisingly pleasant, comfortable living conditions.
Of course, the coolant plays an important role in any heating system. In fact, its presence is a prerequisite, otherwise the heating device in a private house simply will not be able to function efficiently. Almost all modern heating systems use water as a heat carrier.
Heating system of a private house
The most correct option is to contact a specialized company, whose employees will help you choose a heating system for a private house and provide services for installing heating systems.
Professionals will be able to advise which type of heating system will be most rationally used in your home, and they will mount it correctly.
It should be noted that sometimes home owners, not wanting to hire additional specialists, take up the installation of the heating system themselves. In fact, there is nothing complicated in this - just follow certain installation rules.
What is the heating system made of?
Quite often, the heart, the main element of any heating system is the boiler. It is he who heats the coolant, the task of which is obvious - to spread heat throughout the house. And, of course, liquid can do the job best. In most heating systems, it is customary to use water as a heat carrier.
A system with a coolant of this type is made closed. That is, the water in it circulates around the ring, and topping up the coolant is extremely rare.
To date, the two-pipe heating system, which is shown in the photo, is recognized as the most reliable and practical:
It consists of two circuits closed on the boiler - coolant supply and return. The first serves to bring the liquid heated in the boiler to the radiators, where it gives off its heat. After cooling, the heat carrier is returned to the boiler through the return pipes for reheating. At the same time, the most rational and most efficient is the parallel arrangement of radiators - thus, they warm up at the same time, which makes it possible to evenly heat all rooms. It is important to remember that the heating efficiency is affected by the distance between the coolant supply and return circuits. The acceptable minimum is the height from the window sill to the floor.
Many experts argue that such a heating system is less efficient than the old stove heating.
It should be recognized that they are partly right - after all, due to the passage of the coolant through pipes and assemblies, a certain loss of coolant occurs. However, we should not forget that stove heating does not make it possible to simultaneously heat all rooms evenly. In addition, the use of the stove is very inconvenient due to the need to store a large supply of firewood. If you use a wood-fired boiler, much less fuel is required.
Most often, a fairly simple, and at the same time very effective two-pipe heating system with natural circulation of the coolant is used. It allows you to heat the house with high quality, without using additional equipment - electric circulation pumps. The reason for the popularity of this heating system for private houses is due to the fact that power outages are not uncommon - and in this case (without electricity), the system simply cannot work.
All that is necessary for the correct and highest quality operation of such a heating system for a private house is strict adherence to the rules during its installation and a supply of fuel.
One of the main requirements, which is extremely important to comply with for the further operability of the system, is to create the maximum possible difference in height between the outlet pipe of the system and the highest point of the system. That is why the most rational is the location of the boiler with a pipe in the basement. If there is no basement, the boiler is installed in a recess on the ground floor. Equally important is the creation of a slope of the return line. It is performed horizontally, starting from the first radiator of the system.
In a heating system of this type, there is another mandatory element - an expansion tank. It is used to create maximum pressure in the system, which is essential for normal circulation. The operation of the tank is based on the usual gravitational principle. It should be placed as high as possible - the attic would be an ideal place. It is from the height of the location, and not from the amount of liquid in the tank, that the pressure depends.
The tank should have an average volume. After all, its additional function is the ability to control the level of the coolant, which, if necessary, can simply be drained from the tank.
It should be remembered that such heating systems of a private house can only work correctly if the coolant is water. A system with this principle of operation of the expansion tank is called open.
Closed systems are systems in which the expansion tank is in no way connected with the outside world. That is, it does not have the ability to pump out the coolant. In such a system, it is customary to use a compensation tank. This is a small container, the inner cavity of which is divided into two parts by a flexible membrane. One of the parts is filled with coolant. The pressure in the system is regulated by bending the membrane in one direction or another. Since the system is closed, this allows the use of antifreeze as a coolant.
Pipes for the heating system
For a long time, only steel pipes were used to create a heating system. It was quite inconvenient, since the installation took a long time, and rough seams subsequently greatly spoiled the visual perception of the system and the types of heating of private houses.
Fortunately, today it is possible to mount a heating system of any complexity using metal-plastic pipes. They are thinner and more flexible. Their surface is made of a special heat-resistant plastic, and the inside is made of a thin layer of aluminum. There are a huge number of additional elements for metal-plastic pipes on the market - corners, joints, taps. They allow both connecting pipes to each other, and connecting a pipe of a different type to them.
Since today there are a fairly large number of types of metal-plastic pipes, special attention should be paid to marking when choosing them. Pipes intended for heating systems are marked with the symbols "PE-RT-AL-PE-RT".
The advantage of metal-plastic pipes is also that they are quite easy to work with. Sufficiently flexible and light, they are cut with a conventional hacksaw or metal shears.
In order for the methods of heating a private house to be as tight as possible, all components should be carefully installed. At the same time, it is rational to use press fittings - they perfectly preserve the integrity of the pipe.
What should be done first?
So, you have decided to create a high-quality and reliable heating system in your house that works with a liquid coolant. The first thing to do when planning any type of heating system for a private house is to create a detailed plan, a diagram of the future system. It should indicate: the location and level of the boiler, the duration of the pipeline, the placement of radiators and all additional components of the system, up to Mayevsky taps. After that, you should determine what kind of boiler you need. After all, a weaker one will not be able to create the required level and speed of heating. And it is simply irrational to use a stronger one - after all, it will work only half of its power.
Quite often, when creating a heating system, home-made heating boilers are used. They have a lower cost, but it is impossible to establish their exact power.
If you decide to supplement the types of heating systems of a private house with just such a boiler, then you should simply calculate the maximum volume of coolant that this boiler can hold. To do this, the volume of the room (or the total volume of the premises) that will be heated should be simply divided by 1000. That is, the volume of a room of 100 m 2 is 300 m 3. We divide this indicator by 1000 and get 300. Accordingly, it is precisely this amount of coolant that a home-made boiler should contain.
It should be noted that the size of the boiler directly depends on its power. That is, the higher the power, the larger the boiler. Of course, before creating a heating system plan, you should find an ideal place installed in which the boiler will not interfere with anyone. In this case, the level of the boiler should be taken into account - it should be the lowest point of the system. The ideal solution is the location of the boiler in the basement. If there is no basement in your house, take care of a convenient niche in the floor. It is desirable that the boiler is located in a separate room, access to which can be limited for security reasons.
It is important to understand that certain types of boilers (gas, electric boilers) require special placement conditions. If you do not know anything about them - before installing the system, be sure to contact the experts for advice.
What to Consider
When mounting the line, you should take pipes whose diameter is twice the size of the pipes that will supply the coolant directly to the radiator. This rule applies to both supply pipes and return pipes. When installing the main pipe, it is necessary to fix it with special rings - this way you can get rid of sagging.
Even under the condition that the system will consist of metal-plastic pipes, the vertical riser from the heating boiler to the expansion tank must be made of steel pipe. If there is no tank, the first few meters of the pipe should be made of steel. When connecting a membrane expansion tank, a smaller diameter pipe can be used.
This is due to the fact that the strong heat rising from the boiler can damage the plastic part of the pipe. It is better that the metal-plastic pipe is located only in a heated room.
If possible, two heating circuits can be laid, each of which, in turn, will consist of supply and return pipes. Such options for heating a private house are undoubtedly more expensive. However, in the event of a need for repair, it is fashionable to block one of the circuits.
On each radiator, as well as on the coolant supply and return lines, it is imperative to install air bleed valves.
Its excessive accumulation in the system can cause serious damage. The installation of radiators should be carried out subject to one condition - the side from which the return pipe exits should be located slightly lower - this is necessary in systems with natural circulation of the coolant.
In the case of using a home-made heating boiler, it should be borne in mind that the branch pipe of the direct line should be located as high as possible. This will avoid destructive water hammer. The heating boiler should be installed with a slope of 5 mm, which should be made towards the return line.
Rules for the operation of the heating system
When the installation of the system is completely completed, it should be filled with coolant. In this case, all valves that are used to bleed air must be open. After the types of heating of a private house are filled with coolant, the boiler should be melted using a small amount of fuel. This makes it possible to check the uniformity of the heating of the system - there should not be excessively hot or cold areas (in this case, open the radiator valve and drain the water until hot water comes out).
When melting in the boiler, there should be no extraneous sounds. A slight leakage of the coolant in the area of threaded connections is allowed.
After several test runs, the threaded connection stops leaking water. Then you can start heating the boiler at full power.
The power of the boiler is a very important indicator, which must certainly be selected correctly. If the power is higher, there is a possibility of the boiler boiling, which, in turn, can lead to the most unfortunate consequences not only for the heating system, but for the whole house. If the boiler power is too low, this affects the return temperature - it does not exceed 40 degrees.
Properly installed working methods of heating a private house should not make extraneous sounds. In addition, the temperature difference between the supplied coolant and the return does not exceed 40 degrees. You can watch the installation video below.
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There are various types of heating systems for a private house. But all of them can be divided into three types: air, electric and water. Each of them is divided into several types depending on the heater, energy source, method of supplying the coolant.
All types of heating systems of a private house have their own characteristics, therefore, before choosing one of them, you need to carefully read their features. You can see what modern heating systems look like in the photo.
Air heating in a private house
This type includes gas and electric convectors, furnaces of various types. There is no coolant in these devices, and the air in the room is heated directly from them.These types of heating systems warm up the room due to air convection. This happens as follows: cold streams, passing through the blinds and hot plates of the device, heat up and penetrate into the room. Appliances may have a fan that forcibly pumps air and contributes to the rapid heating of the room.
Gas convectors have similar functions, however, their operation requires a gas pipe and a chimney to remove combustion products. Devices created taking into account new technologies allow not only to heat the house, but also to heat water for domestic needs (in more detail: ""). Among air heaters of this type of electrical devices do not exist.
Until now, stoves are very popular. Moreover, modern devices have a high efficiency. For example, the Buleryan stove has an efficiency of 95%, and, depending on the modification, is able to heat a house with an area of 100-1000 "squares". Such devices work on wood, one load of fuel is enough for 7-10 hours (read: "").
The body of the furnace is encircled by pipes sheathed with a casing. The surface of the device does not heat up much, but the air coming out of the pipes reaches a temperature of 160 degrees. Such stoves are very convenient for heating private houses, summer cottages, where they come infrequently, as they allow you to quickly heat the air. At the same time, they do not depend on the source of energy, not counting firewood.
Water heating systems
Despite the fact that there are other types of heating systems that are much more convenient, water systems are still one of the most common in the city. Moreover, they are used both in multi-storey buildings and in private sector houses.For wiring, pipes made of copper, steel, polypropylene, and metal-plastic are used. Sometimes several materials are combined in order to increase efficiency or improve ease of installation. There are different types of heating in a private house, based on piping. Boilers and radiators, as well as "warm floor" systems, are used as the main device.
The main part of the water heating system is a boiler (gas, solid fuel, liquid fuel), a stove, an electric heater (electrode or heating element). Modification of these devices is different. There are multi-fuel and universal models that can use different types of fuel, for example, gas and diesel or wood and gas.
Recently, a new type of electric heaters has appeared - electrode. In this type of heating system, there is no heat exchanger, and the liquid is heated due to the movement of electrons at a speed of 50 Hz, which is 50 cycles per second. Such devices can work without forced circulation, and if necessary, they can be combined with boilers of a different type, or installed in the same system in parallel to each other.
Water circuits are single-pipe and two-pipe. In two-pipe systems, the coolant is supplied to the heating devices through one pipe, and returns through the other. In this case, the water temperature does not depend on the number of radiators and only slightly decreases when passing through the pipe, which practically does not affect the heating efficiency. In such systems, the water supply can be forced or natural.
The efficiency of a single-pipe system depends on the number of radiators, since the coolant cools down when passing through the pipe, and when it enters other batteries, it already has a lower temperature. If the water supply is arbitrary in a single-pipe circuit, then it is better to install no more than three radiators. When using a circulation pump, one pipe should have no more than five batteries.
Water types of heating a private house differ in appearance and material for the manufacture of radiators. They are sectional, columnar and panel. As for the material, radiators for can be made of steel, cast iron, aluminum, bimetal. Cast iron batteries are not recommended for use in, since a large amount of coolant is spent on their lower part, and as a result, the consumption of the energy source increases. Heating devices of this type can have a bottom and side connection.
Depending on what material the batteries are made of, they have their own characteristics. If there are doubts about the choice of a particular radiator, it is better to dwell on bimetallic products - they are durable, heat up quickly and just as quickly give off heat to the room.
Considering what types of heating are, it is impossible not to pay attention to the "warm floor" systems. The water system is laid in a snake or spiral, using metal-plastic or polyethylene pipes. The efficiency of these two materials is almost the same, but the metal-plastic is more convenient to install and cheaper. After laying the pipes, a concrete screed is poured, and a floor covering, usually ceramic tiles, is mounted on top.
Types of electric heating
Air and water types of building heating systems are cheaper than electric ones. Most heaters consume a considerable amount of electricity, so they are generally not used as the main source of heat.Among electrical devices, "warm floor" systems are quite popular. In this case, an infrared film is laid, on top of which the floor covering is mounted. On top of the infrared film, it is not allowed to lay carpets, and it should not be in places where furniture is located. But the "warm floor" systems are not able to effectively heat the premises, they are mainly used as an additional source of heat.
Currently, there are various types of heating schemes, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. When choosing the right option, you need to take into account a lot of factors: the area of \u200b\u200bthe house, financial capabilities, the quality of the building's insulation, the availability of energy sources.
It's no secret that warmth and comfort in every home is provided by a high-quality heating system. Residents of apartment buildings who rely entirely on public service workers do not deal much with this issue. The heat in their apartments is mainly provided by centralized heating. The heating system in a private house is often mounted by hand. Today, several methods and schemes for heating houses are used, but the most popular is the water heating system.
Heating in private homes is an expensive procedure. The cost of an autonomous heating system, in addition to the cost of materials and installation, is affected by the type of fuel that will be used to heat the room. Fuel consumption for heating in a private house is determined by the material and design of its walls, the total volume of the room and the mode of operation of the house.
Types of fuel for heating systems
Gas is one of the easiest and cheapest options. Heating a house with gas, subject to high-quality installation of the entire heating system, allows you to automate all heating processes.
Solid fuel today is used only where it is not possible to install an electric or gas boiler.
Firewood, coal, coke, pellets are traditional solid fuels. They are used when there is no gas pipeline in the settlement. The disadvantage of this method of heating in a private house is the impossibility or complexity of automating the technological process (stove heating). You can use a solid fuel boiler, which will increase the time between fuel fillings from 7 hours (normal boiler) to 5 days (pellet boiler).
The most expensive type of energy carrier, but also the most convenient in urban conditions, is electricity. This is an environmentally friendly type of fuel for equipping a do-it-yourself heating system for private houses. The electric boiler is quite easy to operate. When using electricity, it is not necessary to equip and maintain a chimney, supply and ventilation ducts and a furnace.
Liquid fuels (for example, diesel or heating oil) are used in areas where there is no gas pipeline, forest, peat and coal deposits. A liquid fuel boiler is economical and has a high efficiency (up to 89%).
The essence of heating in a private house with your own hands
Heating, installed by hand, is based on the goal of warming its inhabitants.
For the operation of each heating system, an energy source is needed, which is converted into heat using a boiler.
The heating cycle consists in the fact that the heat heats the coolant, which circulates in the heating circuit closed to the boiler. Thus, it enters through pipes to the end devices for heating the house (radiators, batteries, underfloor heating, heating coils of boilers). Having given them heat, the coolant cools down and returns to the boiler through the return pipe, where it heats up again.
Very often, circulation pumps are connected to the heating systems of private houses, which forcibly move the coolant. To solve the issue of hot water supply, the system may include boilers for heating water.
Proper installation of the circulation pump is the key to the good operation of the entire heating system.
To install a heating system in your home, you will need the following materials and devices:
- pipes;
- boiler;
- expansion tank;
- heating devices;
- boiler;
- circulation pump or several pumps;
- fitting;
- Ball Valves;
- machine for welding polypropylene pipes.
Types of heating appliances and pipes
Pig-iron sectional radiators are distinguished by their durability and the ability to work at high pressure in the heating network (up to 16 atm). The disadvantages include bulkiness, clumsiness and the possibility of depressurization of the joints between the sections. The heat transfer power is quite low.
Bimetal sectional radiators consist of light alloy sections with integrated stainless steel channels. They are durable, practical and neat. Their working pressure is increased to 25 atm.
Aluminum radiators have high thermal conductivity.
Aluminum sectional radiators consist of light-alloy sections without reinforcement of channels with steel. Operating pressure in the heating network up to 16 At.
Steel panel radiators are non-separable welding structures with a decorative coating that have a high heat transfer. The disadvantage is the low working pressure (up to 10 atm). For this reason, the range of their application is narrowing. For example, steel panel radiators cannot be used in high-rise buildings on the lower floors.
Convectors are heat carrier pipes with applied fins. They are designed for the same pressure as the base pipes.
Pipelines for supplying coolant to heating devices can be made of polymeric materials, steel water and gas pipes and copper pipes. It should be noted that steel pipes cannot be used for concealed connections to radiators. During installation, it is not allowed to connect copper pipes with aluminum sectional radiators.
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The heating system of private houses using a coolant is of two types: with natural circulation and with forced circulation.
Description of the heating scheme with natural circulation
The operation of the heating system with natural circulation is based on the natural movement of the coolant through the pipes, which, giving off the accumulated heat, heats the room. The coolant moves due to the difference in its density in the heated and cold states, as well as the relative position of the heating radiators and the boiler.
A supply riser goes up from the boiler, through which the hot coolant is supplied to the upper distribution pipeline (collector). Then it goes down the risers to the heaters (batteries), passes through them, giving off heat. At the bottom, the cooled coolant is collected in the return pipe and returned to the boiler. The expansion tank is located above the supply riser. It serves to receive additional volume, which the coolant acquires when heated and air is removed. If we make such a heating system with our own hands, some recommendations should be taken into account:
- you need to install a boiler with a power reserve;
- it is desirable to carry out thermal insulation of the supply riser to improve the circulation of the coolant;
- the heating boiler is easier to locate in the basement or in the pit, which will also improve circulation;
- for the riser, distribution pipeline and return pipes, large diameter pipes must be used and it is imperative to install them with a slope in the direction of the coolant;
- to improve the aesthetic appearance of the heating system, an expansion tank and a distribution manifold can be placed in the attic, having previously insulated them;
- the heating system will last longer if the coolant is not drained from it for the summer.
The heating system of private houses with natural circulation is easy to maintain and non-volatile, but it is not suitable for heating houses with a large area, it does not have a high enough efficiency, and open piping looks unaesthetic.
Description of the heating scheme with forced circulation
A do-it-yourself forced circulation heating system is used provided that the temperature difference at the inlet and outlet does not provide sufficient efficiency to the coolant. Such a heating system is based on the action of a circulation pump, which forcibly moves the coolant in the right direction and overcomes the resistance in the pipes without heat loss. Thanks to this device, it is possible to heat houses with a large number of rooms, different heights, with an extensive network of pipes and radiators. The advantages of this heating system include the possibility of independent temperature control in each room and the use of smaller diameter pipes during installation, which will save money. Disadvantages - the energy dependence of the pump on electricity and the production of little noise during operation.
Recommendations for installing a system with forced circulation:
- expansion tank and circulation pump are connected to the return pipeline;
- wiring pipes of smaller diameter will reduce the volume of circulating fluid and installation costs;
- the boiler must be modern with automatic temperature control.
The forced circulation heating system of private houses is very efficient, as the rooms heat up quickly. Systems with natural circulation can be easily converted, you need to install an expansion tank and a circulation pump in the return line.
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The heating system - both with natural and forced circulation - is single-pipe (horizontal and vertical) and two-pipe (horizontal, vertical with top wiring and vertical with bottom wiring).
Single pipe heating systems
Scheme of a single-pipe heating system with lower wiring and U-shaped risers: 1 - supply line, 2 - heater, 3 - three-way valve, 4 - air outlet, 5 - control valve, 6 - return line.
A do-it-yourself single-pipe horizontal heating system is often used for houses of short length and with a total area of up to 100 sq.m. It is the simplest and most economical. Installation features are that one pipe is laid along the perimeter of the house. Heating elements and other components crash into it in the right places. The coolant from the main riser, being distributed between the horizontal risers, passes sequentially through all the radiators. Then it cools and returns through the return pipe to the boiler.
A single-pipe horizontal system can be with trailing sections. Each heating element is equipped with a valve to remove air. The temperature of the radiators is regulated by special valves. It is mounted at the beginning of the system for each floor of the house.
When using vertical single-pipe systems, the coolant first enters the upper floor and is distributed in the radiators that are located there. Further along the supply risers, it gradually enters the heating devices in the lower floors of the house. Such a scheme has a drawback - this is an uneven heating of the heating elements on the lower and upper floors.
Two-pipe heating systems
Two-pipe vertical water heating system with top wiring: 1 - supply line, 2 - supply riser, 3 - return line riser, 4 - control valve.
In a two-pipe heating system, two pipes are mounted - supply and return. Accordingly, the heating elements crash into both pipes. Such a home heating system provides more uniform heating of the radiators.
Two-pipe horizontal systems are dead-end, direct-flow and collector. They are used in one-story houses with a free layout with a minimum number of partitions.
Do-it-yourself installation of a dead-end heating system implies that the direct and return coolant will move in opposite directions. In this system, the length of the circulation rings is different, which depends on the distance between the heating element and the boiler. The closer the radiators are to the main riser, the better they will warm up.
To solve this problem, it is necessary to design the heating of a private house in such a way as to reduce the length of the mains; instead of one long circuit, make two or more short circuits with the same hydraulic resistance. As a result, the sum of the hydraulic resistances of all circuits should correspond (or be slightly less) to the value of the circulation pressure.
Two-pipe vertical water heating system with bottom wiring: 1 - supply line, 2 - supply riser, 3 - return line riser, 4 - taps at appliances, 5 - heaters, 6 - air outlet, 7 - return line.
When using direct-flow systems, the directions of the direct and return coolant coincide. Since the circulation rings have the same length, the heating of the coolant will be uniform in all radiators. Since the installation of this system requires additional pipe consumption, it is used when it is impossible to link the circulation rings in a dead-end heating system.
The collector heating system of the house implies an individual connection of each radiator from the collector, which contributes to uniform heating of the heating elements. Pipes are hidden in the floor structure, and collectors are installed in the center of the house in wall niches or placed in collector cabinets. In order to be able to disconnect some radiators from circulation, it is possible to supply each outlet of the collector with its own shutoff valves (ball valves).
A necessary condition for the normal operation of the system is the use of a circulation pump, which will reduce the temperature difference of the coolant at the inlet and outlet. The system will become simpler, more compact and more efficient. The disadvantage of the collector heating method is the large length of the pipes.
Features of the installation of heating of private houses with upper wiring are that the main pipelines are located above the radiators (under the ceiling of the upper floor or in the attic). The expansion tank is also installed in the attic. The heat carrier circulates upwards from the heating boiler with the help of a pump and flows through the risers to the heating elements. Having given off heat, it enters the return pipeline, which is installed above the floor of the lower floor or in the basement.
Do-it-yourself lower wiring has a number of features: the supply and return pipelines are mounted in the floor or above the floor of the lower floor; the coolant enters each radiator independently; mandatory installation of valves on the upper radiators to bleed air from the system.
Its advantages are good system regulation, the ability to turn off each radiator, the possibility of gradually putting the system into operation as the building is being built, the absence of risers and a supply pipe on the top floor.
The comfortable living of its inhabitants depends on a high-quality project and installation of a heating system with their own hands. It is necessary to take into account the fact that too high and too low room temperatures are equally unpleasant. Now an important role for interior design is played by the type of heating elements and the presence of visible sections of heating pipes.
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Before installing a heating system with your own hands, consult with professionals in this matter. Carefully thought-out home heating, a properly selected boiler and heating appliances will ensure a comfortable stay in your home in any weather.
A fireplace or a stove can handle heating a small country house, but such a solution is unacceptable for a cottage. It's nice to spend the evening by the fireplace, but lighting firewood in all rooms every day is tiring and irrational. The most affordable type of fuel should become the power source of the heating system in a private house, especially if you are going to do it yourself:
- Electricity.
- Coal.
- Briquettes of peat and shavings.
- Firewood.
- Liquid fuel (solar oil, fuel oil, diesel fuel).
Water heating
This is the most common system in which water or other non-freezing liquid circulates through pipes. The type of boiler depends on what kind of fuel you have. The system consists of a boiler and a closed circuit of pipes laid out in the premises. The heating of the rooms is provided by radiators, the cooled water flows back into the boiler.
pros
- Availability of coolant.
- Constant volume of water in the system.
- Ease of installation.
- Uniform heating of all rooms along the contour.
Minuses
- Care of radiators, the heat transfer of which is reduced when dirty.
- Slow heating of rooms.
- Potential for pipe leaks due to corrosion.
- Requirements for the purity of water in the system.
- The system must constantly work in cold weather, otherwise the water may freeze and the pipes will burst.
Scheme
The scheme of water heating of a private house with your own hands looks like this:
Hot water heating with a gas boiler is a proven traditional system. Most private houses are heated in this way. For a house in which you live permanently, this system is suitable, but it is too expensive to heat a summer house.
air heating
The house is heated by hot air, which can be heated by steam, hot water, heat from fuel combustion, electricity. In the system, warm air from the air heater through the air duct enters the premises.
On the Russian market there are heaters for air heating:
- Fancoils operating with hot water. Almost all of the presented installations of American, European or Asian production are intended for office buildings, although units for private houses can also be found.
- Gas air heaters.
- Heaters operating on diesel or solid fuel.
- Electric heaters-airhandlers are installed in air conditioners with a fan. Typically, electric heaters work with a heat pump.
pros
- Problems with the coolant are excluded, that is, the system cannot leak or freeze.
- Possible associated humidification of the air in the premises.
- Air conditioning and ventilation in the house.
- The efficiency reaches 90%.
- Rapid heating of the air.
Minuses
- High price.
- To install the generator requires a fairly large area.
- Relatively low heat transfer.
Private houses are heated with air only in 30% of cases, which is mainly due to the high cost of installation and maintenance. For a country house, do-it-yourself air heating can be very convenient, provided there is an uninterrupted power supply.
induction system
Modern and economical equipment operating on the principle of electromagnetic induction. A coil of wire, when an electric current passes, forms a strong electromagnetic field, and heats the ferromagnet. In the case of a heater, the coil is wound on a pipe made of a special material with a steel core. The device is connected to a system filled with a coolant (water, oil, ethylene glycol), which rises when heated and starts the circuit.
In industry, steel has been melted using this method for two hundred years, that is, the principle has been known for a long time and the technology cannot be called new.
pros
- Durability. Warranty for induction heaters - 10 years or more. The absence of moving elements in the system eliminates mechanical wear.
- Scale does not form in the heating system of a private house, so the induction boiler is equally effective in the first and tenth year of operation.
- Complete silent operation. There are no pumps in the system, so the electric boiler does not make noise.
- To install an induction heater, no additional space is required, and installation can be done by hand.
- Rapid heating of the coolant due to the lack of insulation - the rod heats the coolant.
Minuses
- High price. Factory models are made using modern materials, and this explains the high cost. An induction boiler can be built independently, but in terms of efficiency it will be inferior to factory models.
- A boiler with a power of over 7 kW requires an electrical network of 380 V.
- If the water supply to the system stops, the equipment will overheat and fail. To avoid breakdowns, the system must be equipped with a pressure sensor and an automatic device shutdown.
geothermal system
A non-standard approach to solving the problem of heating a country house. New technologies make it possible to use the energy potential of the earth by installing a do-it-yourself geothermal heating system at home. Up to 98 percent of solar energy is accumulated in the ground, and even in winter, heat is stored deep in the ground.
Special equipment helps deliver energy to homes for heating.
Geothermal heating in a simplified scheme looks like a heat pump and a heat exchanger operating on the principle of an air conditioner. The heat pump is included in the internal and external circuits. Internal - a heating system from ordinary pipes and radiators in the house. The external circuit (heat exchanger) is located underground. Heat carriers - water or liquid with antifreeze. The pump can operate in heater or air conditioner mode.
pros
- A geothermal heater can be installed anywhere.
- The system does not pose a danger to humans and the environment
- You can receive an unlimited amount of heat.
- Minimum operating costs.
- You get geothermal heat for free, but you will have to pay for the operation of a pump powered by the mains - a kilowatt of electricity provides 3-5 kW of heat.
Minuses
- The high cost of equipment and installation. The heating system will pay off in 7-8 years.
- It is problematic to build a geothermal installation on your own, since the structure is located at a depth of about 100 meters and requires special equipment.
- Horizontal type structures lie below the level of soil freezing, but the collector occupies large areas. For example, to heat a house of 200 sq. m. requires the use of heat from 500 sq. m of soil, not shaded by trees and other buildings.
An innovative technology that is becoming more and more popular in the world every day. If you are interested in this heating system, take seriously the choice of equipment, calculate the area, power, find a suitable place for installation. The solar heating system will last more than 25 years, and with constant operation it will pay off in three years.
Solar panels in a country house are used to generate electricity. This type of heating is best used for electric heaters and underfloor heating.
pros
- No fuel costs.
- Environmental Safety.
- Ease of operation and the ability to install solar heating of a private house with your own hands.
- Solar cells and equipment become affordable.
Minuses
- Cloudy days produce little energy.
- Expensive equipment and installation.
- The need for complex calculations and the correct installation of elements.
- A number of conditions during installation: a roof at an angle of 30 degrees, the absence of trees and buildings shading the roof, a favorable climate.
Steam heating
The old method of heating has not lost its relevance against the backdrop of innovative systems. The coolant is steam, the installation of the heating system is simple. Source - a steam boiler, from which heat enters the pipes and radiators of reduction-cooling equipment or a steam turbine. Cooling, the steam turns into condensate and returns back.
Theoretically, you can build steam heating with your own hands, but boilers are not installed in private houses. The boiler is very large, the steam temperature exceeds 100°C, the operation requires a professional approach. Traditionally, this is used to heat enterprises in the production process of which steam is used, and its surplus is used for heating.
The reliability of operation and temperature significantly depend on the quality of the boiler in this system, so it should be selected taking into account the area and structural features. Steam boilers operate on various fuels: liquid, solid, combined, natural gas.
pros
- Relative cheapness of the boiler.
- Rapid space heating.
- Preservation of heat in the system.
Minuses
- The bulkiness and danger of steam boilers in case of improper operation.
- Heating of heating devices to high temperatures.
- The inability to smoothly control the temperature in the room.
- Filling the system with steam is accompanied by noise.
- Complicated installation of the system.
Electric heating
A well-known heating system using electrical appliances, in which heat releases a current passing through a conductor. Often the electrical system is used as an auxiliary one, but in the absence of gas in the house it can also be the main one.
pros
- Ecological purity.
- Easy installation.
- Heating appliances can be freely rearranged in any room with electrical wiring.
Minuses
- The need to pay for the consumed electricity, the consumption of which will be large.
- During a power outage, the heating system does not work.
- During the operation of electrical appliances, oxygen burns out, so the premises should be ventilated as often as possible.
In dachas and small houses, electric heating is often used, but heating a large house will require a large amount of electricity. If you decide to choose this particular system as the simplest and does not require special knowledge for self-assembly, take care of high-quality thermal insulation at home.
Heating system "Leningradka"
This heating system is very popular due to its relatively simple installation, not too high price and the ability to control the air temperature in each individual room.
Single-pipe circuit with serial installation of radiators on the circuit. Pipe routing can be horizontal or vertical. From the boiler, the coolant enters the network and returns to the heating boiler. You can install as many radiators in your home as you need to heat a particular room.
To optimize the operation of the system, it is desirable to equip Leningradka with control and shut-off devices, as well as a circulation pump.
pros
- The ability to set the desired temperature in each room without completely disconnecting from the heating system.
- If it becomes necessary to repair one heater, you can turn it off, while the rest of the system will continue to work.
- Radiators heat up quickly and evenly.
- For installation, pipes of small diameter are used, which saves money.
Minuses
- Installing the pump ensures the full functioning of the system, but requires financial costs, incl. to pay for electricity.
- When there is a power outage, the system does not work, as the pump stops.
Scheme
The Leningradka scheme for heating a private house with your own hands looks like this:
Instead of a conclusion
The main criteria for choosing a heating system for a private house: the availability of an energy carrier and the possibility of autonomous operation, for example, during a power outage. Installing and starting a heating system is a difficult and responsible business, so if you are enthusiastic, but do not have sufficient knowledge, it is better to entrust the task to the masters.
In no case do not try to act on a hunch or by eye, as inaccuracies will at best lead to system inefficiency, and at worst - to an accident with unpredictable consequences.
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