We analyze the technical characteristics of different types of fluorescent lamps. Fluorescent lamp Fluorescent lamps where used

Fluorescent lamps begin their history with gas-discharge devices invented in the 19th century. In terms of light output and efficiency, they are significantly superior to incandescent lamps. They are used to illuminate residential premises, institutions, hospitals, sports facilities, workshops of manufacturing enterprises.

Principle of operation and main properties

In order for the discharge to occur, electrodes are connected to the flask from opposite sides. Discharge lamps cannot be connected directly to the mains. Be sure to use - ballasts.

If the number of inclusions does not exceed 5 times a day, then the luminescent source is guaranteed to last 5 years. This is almost 20 times more than for incandescent lamps.

Among the disadvantages of fluorescent lamps are:

• Unstable operation at low temperature.
• Need for proper disposal due to mercury vapor.
• The presence of flicker, to combat which requires complicating the circuit.
• Relatively large sizes .

However, fluorescent lamps are extremely economical because they consume less energy, give more light and last longer. Not surprisingly, they have replaced conventional light bulbs in almost all institutions and businesses.

Varieties of fluorescent lamps

Lamps are available in low and high pressure. Low-pressure pipes are installed indoors, high-pressure pipes are installed on the streets and in powerful lighting fixtures.

The range of fluorescent lighting fixtures is quite wide. They differ in the size and shape of the tube, the type of base, power, color temperature, light output and other characteristics.

Depending on the shape of the tube, fluorescent lamps are:

• Tubular (straight), denoted by the letter T or t, have a straight shape.
• U-shaped.
• Ring.
• Compact, used for lamps.

Straight, U-shaped and ring types will be combined into one kind of linear lamps. The most common lighting fixtures are in the form of tubes. The letter T or t is followed by a number. It indicates the diameter of the tube, expressed in eighths of an inch. T8 means that the diameter is 1 inch or 25.4 mm, T4 - 0.5 inch or 12.7 mm, T12 - 1.5 inch or 38.1 mm.

To make the lamp more compact, its bulb is bent. To start such lamps, a built-in electronic choke is used. The base is made either for standard lamps or for special lamps.

The base of a fluorescent lamp can be type G (male with two pins) or type E (screw). The latter type is used in compact models. The numbers after the letter G indicate the distance between the contacts, and after the letter E - the diameter in millimeters.

Marking

Domestic and international labeling is different. Russian originates from the times of the Soviet Union, it uses Cyrillic letters. The meanings of the letters are as follows:

• L lamp;
• D daylight;
• B white;
• T warm;
• E natural;
• X is cold.

For compact models, the letter K is placed in front. If C is at the end of the marking, then a phosphor with improved color rendering is used. Two letters C mean that the color reproduction is of the highest quality.

If the lamp gives colored light of a narrow spectrum, then after L is the corresponding letter. For example, LC means a source of red light, LV means yellow, and so on.

According to the international marking on the lamp, they write the power and, through a slash, a three-digit number that determines the color rendering index and color temperature.

The first digit of the number indicates the color rendering multiplied by 10. The larger the number, the more accurate the color rendering. The next two digits indicate the color temperature expressed in kelvins divided by 100. For daylight, the color temperature is 5-6.5 thousand K, so a lamp marked 865 will mean daylight with high color rendering.

For housing, lamps with code 827, 830, 930 are used, for external lighting with code 880, for museums with code 940. More information about the meaning of marking can be found in special tables.

Power is traditionally denoted by the letter W. In general-purpose light sources, the power scale varies from 15 to 80 watts. For special purpose lamps, the power can be less than 15 W (low power) and more than 80 W (high power).

Application

Fluorescent lamps with various shades of white are used to illuminate rooms and streets. With their help, plants in greenhouses and greenhouses, aquariums, museum exhibits are illuminated.

The most common tubes are T8 with a G13 base with a power of 18 and 36 watts. They are used in institutions and in production. They easily replace Soviet lamps such as LB/LD-20 and LB/LD-40.

Since fluorescent sources heat up slightly, they can be used in all types of luminaires. Choosing the appropriate base, power and size, they are installed in sconces, pendant chandeliers, night lamps. Apply in the kitchen, bath, garages, offices.

Produce fluorescent lamps that emit ultraviolet light. They are installed in laboratories, research centers, medical institutions - wherever this type of radiation is required.

A phosphor can produce colored light (yellow, blue, green, red, and so on). Such sources are used for design purposes for the decoration of shop windows, illumination of signboards, building facades.

In order for the luminescent device to last as long as possible, it is necessary to provide it with a stable voltage and rare on / off. Since the bulb of a fluorescent light source contains mercury, it must not be disposed of with other household waste. Fluorescent lamps must be taken to special collection points. These could be rescue services, stores that sell electrical goods, or companies that dispose of hazardous waste.

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1. High efficiency: efficiency - 20-25% (for incandescent lamps about 7%) and light output is 10 times greater.
2. Long service life - 15000-20000 hours (for incandescent lamps - 1000 hours, highly dependent on voltage) supply.

They have LL and some disadvantages:

1. As a rule, all discharge lamps for normal operation require inclusion in the network together with a ballast. Ballast, also known as a ballast (ballast), is an electrical device that provides ignition modes and normal operation of LL.
2. The dependence of stable operation and ignition of the lamp on the ambient temperature (the permissible range is 55 ° C, 20 ° C is considered optimal). Although this range is constantly expanding with the advent of new generation lamps and the use of electronic ballasts (electronic ballasts).

Let us dwell in more detail on the advantages and disadvantages of LL. It is known that optical radiation (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) has a significant physiological and psychological effect on a person (his endocrine, vegetative, nervous systems and the whole organism as a whole), mostly beneficial.

Daylight is the most useful. It affects many life processes, metabolism in the body, physical development and health. But active human activity continues even when the sun hides behind the horizons. Daylight is being replaced by artificial lighting. For many years, only incandescent lamps were used (and are used) for artificial lighting of housing - a warm light source, the spectrum of which differs from the daytime one by the predominance of yellow and red radiation and the complete absence of ultraviolet radiation.

In addition, incandescent lamps, as already mentioned, are inefficient, their efficiency is 6-8%, and their service life is very short - no more than 1000 hours. A high technical level of illumination with these lamps is impossible.

That is why the appearance of LL turned out to be quite natural - a discharge light source with a 5-10 times greater luminous efficiency than incandescent lamps, and 8-15 times longer service life. Having overcome various technical difficulties, scientists and engineers have created special LLs for housing - compact, almost completely copying the usual appearance and dimensions of incandescent lamps and combining its advantages (comfortable color reproduction, ease of maintenance) with the economy of standard LLs.

Due to their physical features, LLs have another very important advantage over incandescent lamps: the ability to create light of various spectral composition - warm, natural, white, daylight, which can significantly enrich the color palette of the home environment. It is no coincidence that there are special recommendations for choosing the type of LL (color of light) for various applications. The presence of controlled ultraviolet radiation in special lighting and irradiation lamps makes it possible to solve the problem of preventing “light starvation” for urban residents who spend up to 80% of their time indoors.

Thus, lamps manufactured by OSRAM LL of the BIOLUX type, whose radiation spectrum is close to the sun and saturated with strictly dosed near ultraviolet, are successfully used both for lighting and for irradiating residential, administrative, and school premises, especially when natural light is insufficient.

There are also special agar LLs of the CLEO type (PHILIPS) designed for indoor sunbathing and other cosmetic purposes. When using these lamps, remember that to ensure safety, you must strictly follow the instructions of the manufacturer of the irradiation equipment. And now let's dwell on the shortcomings of fluorescent lighting, to which many consider its notorious "harm to health."

The nature of the gas discharge is such that, as mentioned above, any LL has a small fraction of the near ultraviolet in the spectrum. It is known that in case of an overdose of even natural sunlight, unpleasant phenomena can occur, in particular, excessive ultraviolet radiation can lead to skin diseases and eye damage. However, by comparing the impact on a person during the life of natural solar and artificial luminescent radiation, it becomes clear how unreasonable the assumption about the dangers of LL radiation is.

Working for a year (240 working days) under artificial lighting with cold white LL at a very high light level of 1000 lux (5 times the optimum light level in a home) has been proven to be equivalent to being outdoors in Davos (Switzerland) for 12 days, 1 hour a day (at noon). It should be noted that real conditions in residential premises are ten times more forgiving than in the above example.

Therefore, there is no need to talk about the dangers of conventional fluorescent lighting. Physicians, hygienists and lighting technicians, who took part in a detailed scientific discussion held in Munich on the topic “The effect of LL lighting on human health,” came to similar conclusions. All participants in the discussion were unanimous: strict adherence to the rules of a competent lighting device, which include limiting direct and reflected glare, limiting the pulsation of the light flux, ensuring a favorable distribution of brightness and correct light transmission, will completely eliminate the existing complaints about fluorescent lighting.

In the list above, an important place is occupied by the issue of limiting the pulsation of the luminous flux. The fact is that traditional linear tubular LLs connected to the network using an electromagnetic ballast (most often used in lamps) create light that is not constant in time, but “micropulsing”, i.e. with an alternating current frequency of 50 Hz available in the network, the pulsation of the light flux of the lamp occurs 100 times per second.

And although this frequency is higher than the critical one for the eye and, therefore, the flickering brightness of illuminated objects is not captured by the eye, the pulsation of lighting during prolonged exposure can adversely affect a person, causing increased fatigue, reduced performance, especially when performing intense visual work: reading, working at a computer , needlework, etc.

That is why it is recommended to use lamps with electromagnetic low-frequency control gear that appeared a long time ago in the so-called "non-working" areas (utility rooms, cellars, garages, etc.). In luminaires with electronic high-frequency control gear, this feature of the LL operation is completely eliminated, but even such luminaires with linear LL are quite bulky and are not always convenient for local (working) lighting. Therefore, for traditional housing lighting with chandeliers, wall, floor, table lamps, it is advisable to use the above-mentioned compact fluorescent lamps.

And, finally, the last small remark related to the operation of lamps with LL. A drop of mercury is introduced into the lamp for its operation - 30-40 mg, and compact 2-3 mg. If this scares you, remember that the thermometer in every family contains 2 g of this liquid metal. Of course, if the lamp breaks, you should do the same as we do when we break a thermometer - carefully collect and remove mercury. LL in housing is not only a more economical light source than an incandescent lamp.

Competent LL lighting has many advantages over traditional ones: efficiency, abundance and colorfulness of light, uniform distribution of the light flux, especially in cases where long objects are illuminated with linear lamps, lower lamp brightness and significantly less heat generation.

To date, the world's lighting brands represent the highest quality products and a wide range in our market:

1. German firm OSRAM.
2. Dutch PHILIPS and a number of others that offer the widest selection of high-quality LL for every taste and color.

At present, it will not be a mistake to say that fluorescent lamps are the most common type among all lamps used in lighting. Back in the 1970s. they changed incandescent lamps in industrial premises and various public institutions. Being energy efficient, they made it possible to illuminate large areas with high quality: corridors, foyers, classrooms, wards, workshops, offices.

Further improvement in the production technology of fluorescent lamps made it possible to reduce their size, increase the brightness and quality of the emitted light. Since the 2000s these lamps are beginning to actively penetrate into households and are used where "Ilyich's bulbs" used to shine. Fluorescent lamps are attractively priced, save energy, and provide the ability to choose the color temperature of the light.

There is a terminological confusion, as a result of which energy-saving lamps have been separated into a separate class of lamps. At the same time, in Russia, energy-saving lamps are understood to be for home use.

For many, it is a discovery that the spiral lamps that we use at home, according to their principle of operation, are the same fluorescent lamps that are equipped in all public institutions. If we talk about energy saving, then all such lighting fixtures belong to energy efficiency classes A or B.

It seems optimal to classify according to various grounds. Within the most general typology based on production technology and areas of use, three types can be distinguished:

1. Standard lamps with one, three and five phosphor layers (diameter 26 mm).
2. Compact lamps with a tube of various shapes with several layers of phosphor.
3. Special lamps for use in highly specialized applications.

In addition, the types of fluorescent lamps are determined based on the following features:

The basis of all fluorescent lamps is mercury vapor in small concentrations, which, when electricity is passed through them, emit ultraviolet light.

Phosphor - a chemical composition contained on the surface of the tube inside, converts ultraviolet into the visible part of the spectrum.

The characteristics of the light emitted by the lamp depend on the composition and quality of the phosphor.

Parameters of standard types of light sources

Used for general lighting and have the following characteristics.

1. Power: 18-58 W.
2. Light flow:
   • 1000-4000 lm (single layer phosphor),
   • 1300-5200 lm (three-layer phosphor),
   • 1000-3600 lm (five-layer phosphor).
3. Color rendering index:
   • 50-76 (single layer phosphor),
   • 85 (three-layer phosphor),
   • 93-98 (five-layer phosphor).
4. Colorful temperature:
   • 3000-7000 K (single-layer phosphor),
   • 2700-7000 K (three-layer phosphor),
   • 3000-5400 K (five-layer phosphor).
5. Base: G13.
6. Length: 590-1500 mm.

Technical features of CFL

This type of lamp is divided into three categories:

1. WITH U-shaped or H-shaped tube, starter inside and external ballasts. (1)
2. WITH bent tube, built-in starter and ballast. (2)
3. WITH ring-shaped tube, built-in starter and control gear. (3)

These types of compact lamps have the following features:

Characteristics of special purpose fluorescent lamps

Special purpose lamps are installed in public places in order to additionally highlight certain interior features, accentuated illumination in a certain spectrum for a more accurate reproduction of the color and shades of objects. Areas in which they apply:

• in the entertainment club industry.
• in medical institutions as ultraviolet germicidal lamps.
• for illumination of show-windows in shops, exhibits at exhibitions, etc.

The following parameters of fluorescent lamps with specific purposes of use are distinguished:

1. Power: 18-58V
2. Luminous flux: 550-3700 lm
3. Variation:
   • with colored phosphor;
   • blue reflex;
   • ultraviolet.
4. Color temperature: 3000-7000K.
5. Base: G13.
6. Length: 600-1500 mm.

Thus, fluorescent lamps emit a powerful luminous flux, provide adequate color reproduction of illuminated objects, allow you to choose the most suitable light in terms of color temperature, have adequate cost and a long service life.

For all their attractiveness, fluorescent lamps have a big minus: mercury vapor inside the lamp tube. This creates a danger in case of damage, and also requires special disposal measures, which makes its use not very convenient.

Despite the mass distribution of fluorescent lamps, it should be recognized that they are rather a thing of the past and, like incandescent lamps, will give way to more advanced technology. Which is absolutely safe, does not require special disposal measures, has a long life cycle and, in addition, is more energy efficient. The name of this technology is .

Informative video about the creation of a modern fluorescent lamp

A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent lamp (LL, LDS) is an inert gas in a glass bulb that emits visible light.

The principle of operation of the LDS is to saturate the gas with mercury, followed by passing a discharge through it, as a result of which UV radiation is formed, which is converted into visible light due to the phosphor layer contained in the inner surface of the bulb. This article will consider LDS, their description and technical characteristics.

Varieties

In the implementation, gas-discharge lamps based on mercury of high (GRLVD) or low (GRLND) pressure are most used:

Application area

Fluorescent light sources are in great demand in public organizations: schools, hospitals, government agencies.

With further development, the luminaires were equipped with an electronic ballast, it became possible to use them in common lampholders of the E14 and E27 standard.

It is more relevant to use LL in the premises of the industrial sector to provide a larger lighting perimeter with minimal energy consumption. They are also used in lighting billboards and facades.

Luminescent devices combine the characteristic features of efficient and economical use of electricity. In everyday life, fluorescent ceiling and table lamps are used for plants, lighting the work surface and living rooms.

The relevance of the use of fluorescent lamps

LL has become widespread due to many advantages, namely:

• high luminous efficiency (LDS with a power of 10 W provides illumination comparable to a 50 W incandescent bulb);
• a wide range of shades of emitted light;
• complete scattering of light.

The guaranteed service life of LDS is from 2 thousand hours versus 1 thousand hours for incandescent lamps.

Disadvantages of luminescent devices:

• chemical hazard (LDS contains up to 1 g of mercury);
• uneven spectrum, which is unpleasant to the human eye;
• gradual destruction of the phosphor layer, leading to a decrease in illumination;
• flickering of a lamp with a double frequency from the network;
• the presence of a mechanism that regulates the start;
• LL power does not provide a high coefficient.

Work principles

During the operation of the LL, an arc-shaped discharge burns between two electrodes located at its edges, which leads to the creation of a UV glow inside a flask filled with a gas containing mercury vapor.

Human vision is immune to the UV range of luminescence, therefore, the inner walls of the flask are treated with a phosphor composition that has the properties of absorbing ultraviolet radiation with its further transformation into a visible white glow. Calcium-zinc orthophosphates and halophosphates underlie the phosphor layer. Also, the phosphor can be saturated with other substances in order to obtain a certain shade of light. Thermionic emission of electrodes from the cathode creates support for an electric arc in the LDS. Further heating of the cathodes by passing current through them or ion bombardment leads to the start of the device.

Specifications

The final work of the LDS - the necessary lighting - depends on the technical characteristics.

Power

The light output depends on the power indicator of the LL, which affects the area of ​​illumination. Lamps of various power are common in the implementation.

Lamps 4–6 W

Suitable for small rooms. Great for agricultural areas, guard houses or tents. These LDS are unpretentious in terms of electricity consumption, and thanks to transformer converters, these lamps are able to operate from 12 volts, which makes it possible to start the lamp by connecting to a car battery in the absence of power supply. Also, low-power fluorescent devices are used to illuminate plants or aquariums.

The most common LL in terms of lamp power. They can be found everywhere: in the room, car boxes, offices, pavilions.

They have also become widespread. They are used in the same premises as LL 18 W, with the difference in the increase in the area of ​​illumination.

58W and 80W

These high-capacity LDS are used only in large-area production workshops, storage facilities and hangars, in an underground area.

Sometimes LL of such power can be found in open areas in conditions of high light scattering. Such LLs, unlike lamps 18 W and 36 W, are more energy-consuming and their use in everyday life or office lighting is unprofitable. Also, they are additionally equipped with fluorescent lamps, which makes their use as daylight ceiling lamps in small areas even more irrelevant.

Colorful temperature

Another main parameter of LDS. The quality of light depends on the quality of light and color temperature. These parameters are displayed with a three-digit value on the flask of the device.

Meaning 627

Corresponds to devices with 60% light quality and a color temperature of 2700K.

Meaning 727

Lamps with 70% light quality and similar color temperature.

Value 765

The color temperature is 6500 K, which all LDS have without exception. Color quality at 70%.

It should be noted that 2700 Kelvin is the color temperature of incandescent bulbs, and LL with the same color temperature will emit yellow rays perceived by human vision. Taking into account the human perception of the color of the glow, luminescent devices of different color temperatures are manufactured.

Many LLs (energy-saving light sources) of a compact form emit exactly yellow light. The color temperature of 6500 is common to all linear devices and corresponds to white light with a slight blue tinge. LLs for narrow-profile purposes are also manufactured with a color temperature of 1300K, when turned on, a red tint is observed. In some cases, colored LDS are used to obtain a unique glow shade.

Network connection

The simplest circuit for connecting fluorescent lamps is made on the basis of a starter, a choke (ballast) and a capacitor. The lamps themselves do not provide for their direct connection to the electrical circuit, since in the off state luminescent devices have high resistance, which can only be overcome by a high voltage pulse.

It is also possible to connect two lamps in series, while there will be 2 starters, and one choke, but it must be designed for the total power of the lamps. The scheme of the lamp for 2 lamps is shown below. There is no capacitor in the diagram, but it can also be installed at the input of the lamp.

The circuit diagram of the lamp is sometimes applied to the starter housing.

A choke (ballast) is included in the electrical circuit as an additional resistance that protects against short circuits. The starter allows, at moments of high lamp resistance, to charge the inductor, while simultaneously warming up the lamp coils.

A fluorescent lamp without a choke cannot be started. The overall power consumption of all devices connected together with a fluorescent light source to an electrical circuit depends on how the connection scheme is arranged.

Electromagnetic choke (Empra)

A choke of constant inductive resistance, connected only to a circuit with LL of a certain power. The resistance of the EMPRA included in the circuit, when turned on, begins to play the role of a current limiter to the lamp.

The design of the EMPRA is simple and cheap to manufacture, respectively, and lamps with electromagnetic ballast are also cheaper. Despite its low cost and simplicity, it has several disadvantages:

• startup duration up to 3 seconds (time depends on lamp wear);
• high power consumption of the throttle;
• a gradual increase in frequency in the throttle plates due to wear;
• flickering at twice the mains frequency (100 or 120 Hz) when turned on, which adversely affects vision;
• massiveness and overall dimensions of luminescent devices (in comparison with analogs of electronic ballasts);
• probable failure in the operation of an electrical circuit with a throttle mechanism at temperatures below zero Celsius;
• a short circuit leading to soldering of the throttle electrodes to the device, after which it cannot be removed.

The scheme for connecting gas-discharge fluorescent lamps with EMPRA provides for the presence of a starter that regulates the ignition of the LL. However, it additionally consumes electricity.

Electronic choke

The electronic control gear (ballast) provides the lamps with high-frequency power 25-133 kHz. At the moment the LDS with an electronic throttle is turned on, a person observes a bright flicker for a short time. With the help of an electronic ballast, two principles of operation for turning on lamps are implemented.

Cold start

Immediately starts the device, but causes significant damage to the electrodes. Lamps with this start option are designed for a low on/off frequency during the day.

hot start

Before turning on the lamp, for 1 second, the electrodes are heated, then it works. There is also a thermal indicator that provides the device with protection against overheating.

LL based on electronic ballasts are more economical, which is why they have gained considerable popularity, which cannot be said about analogues of ballasts.

Causes of the malfunction

LDS electrodes are represented by a tungsten spiral coated with active alkali metals, which provide a charge. With a period of operation, the active mass crumbles from the electrodes, they become unusable.

At the moment the lamp is turned on (starting the discharge and subsequent heating of the electrodes), an additional load occurs on the active mass, which destroys it even more. In areas with the greatest loss of active mass, less voltage is supplied, which leads to uneven returns, and a person observes the flickering of the lamp during its operation. Also, shedding of the active mass leads to a complete malfunction of the lamp, and a dark shade appears at the ends of the tube.

It follows that the service life of the LL also depends on the quality of the active mass and the frequency of switching on the lamp. But even with these limitations, the service life of the LDS is at least much higher (2000 starts versus 1000 for conventional incandescent bulbs).

Execution types

Luminescent devices are divided into two types according to the version of the bulb.

Linear lamps

These LLs are represented by low pressure mercury lamps. Most of the light from these lamps is emitted by the phosphor. Luminescent devices mounted on the ceiling are the main representative of linear LLs. The daylight ceiling lamp has received a huge demand all over the world in rooms for various purposes.

Among linear lamps in Russia, LDS with a T8 round tube (D = 26 mm) and a G13 type base are common. The power of these lamps is related to the size of the tube - standard 18 W LDS have a tube length of 600 mm, and 36 W lamps are already twice as long, 1200 mm. There are also lamps of other capacities, but they are less common or they have a narrow range of applications.

It is worth noting that in the Soviet period, LDS with a T12 flask, the diameter of which was 38 mm, was most widely used. These lamps were more energy-intensive - 20 W short and 38 W long versus 18 W and 36 W, respectively. There were also lamps with a T10 (32 mm) tube, but they did not receive wide demand compared to T12.

In Western countries, in recent years, lamps with the latest generation T5 tube with a diameter of 16 mm have become predominant. They are quite thin and have received more extensive use in the interior.

If we touch on technological progress, then just recently, Chinese developers created a device with a T4 flask (12.5 mm). This is only a novelty, which has not yet received extensive use, and it is too early to talk about the prospects for such tubular lamps. LDS with an even smaller tube diameter has not yet been made in practice.

A double-ended rectilinear lamp is a glass tube with glass legs welded at the ends, into which electrodes are mounted. The hermetically sealed tube contains argon or neon enriched with mercury, which turns into a gaseous state when the lamp is turned on. The socles at the ends of the tube are equipped with contacts for connecting the lamp to the circuit.

Linear LDS consume only 15% of the consumption of an incandescent lamp, providing a similar illumination. These lamps are often found in production, offices, transport.

Compact lamps

They are daylight lamps with a curved tube.

Compact lamps can have a free (any) bulb shape and are common for private use. Compact fluorescent devices also include so-called energy-saving lamps.

Compact lamps for cartridges of the E14, E27, E40 standard, which are used in lamps, are also common.

Applications

Currently, luminescent devices are widely used both in lighting industrial facilities and in organizing the interior of a room. Luminaires with fluorescent and white light lamps are used for many purposes:

• Luminescent lamps LB 40 of low pressure, designed to illuminate the entire area of ​​a closed room.
• Fluorescent lamp for aquariums and houseplants, providing local illumination.
• Phytolamps (flower lamps) - fluorescent lamps for flowers and plants.
• A daylight table and wall lamp that provides soft lighting for a cozy reading or relaxing environment.

Marking

The marking is arranged in such a way that the consumer can easily choose the necessary LL when buying. The most common designations are:

• LB (white light);
• LD (daylight);
• LHB (cold white light);
• LTB (warm white light);
• LE (natural light);
• LHE (cold natural light).

The visible shade is directly dependent on the color temperature. The color temperature of LDS is 6400-6500K, which corresponds to the approximate color of white light.

In addition to the type of lamp, the necessary technical characteristics of the lamp are also indicated: voltage, shape, dimensions, and so on. The marking is applied to the glass flask or LDS case.

Without exception, all LDS contain gases saturated with mercury vapor. In accidents that break the lamp, mercury vapor is released into the air.

In the future, mercury can be in the human body and cause harm to health. Therefore, you should be careful with fluorescent lamps.

Related videos

The invention of compact fluorescent lamps that fit a standard lampholder (E-27) has made the range of possible applications truly limitless.

Shops that sell lighting fixtures are always crowded. People often come here, choose from a great variety of numerous chandeliers, sconces and floor lamps. Interest in lamps is understandable: everyone wants to present their apartment in the most favorable light. A fluorescent lamp will help us with this.

Low-pressure electric gas-discharge lamps are commonly called fluorescent, in which the light source is a phosphor deposited on the glass bulb of the lamp. They are widely used wherever artificial lighting is needed. Fluorescent lamps are very economical and extremely durable. Therefore, the use of such lamps contributes to the economical use of electricity and significantly reduces costs.

In addition to the well-known incandescent lamps with a transparent or opaque bulb, at least five other types of lamps and light sources are commercially available (fluorescent, reflector, halogen, gas discharge lamps and LEDs).

Fluorescent lamps stand out among other lamps in that their light is very diverse. But often such lamps are used incorrectly. But fluorescent lighting opens up wide possibilities, with the help of light you can create a feeling of comfort or create a complex light image of the room.

The invention of compact fluorescent lamps that fit a standard lampholder (E-27) has made the range of possible applications truly limitless. Fluorescent lamps can be successfully used both in public buildings and at home, you just need to choose them correctly. The difficulty lies in the fact that, unlike incandescent lamps, the light of these lamps is characterized not only by brightness (which can be measured by electrical power).

Shades of light and color reproduction

To understand these concepts, let's remember what white light is. As you know, white light includes all the colors of the rainbow. Illuminated objects are colored by the light they reflect. Black objects absorb all colors, that is, all components of white light, so we see them as black. For us, the most familiar is white sunlight. And the colors of the objects around us look natural only in sunlight. In the white light of artificial sources, the colors of objects no longer look so natural, but rather not so familiar. Distortion is caused by the spectrum emitted by such light sources. The closer the spectrum of an artificial source to the spectrum of the sun, the better the color rendering.

It is known that solids, when heated to a certain temperature, begin to emit light. Depending on the temperature value, this light takes on different shades, from red to dazzling white. Thus, there is a strict correspondence between the heating temperature of a solid body and the color of light that it emits at this temperature. Therefore, parameters such as color rendering index and color temperature, which characterize artificial light, were put into circulation.

Monochromatic fluorescent lamps are most often used for decorative design of shop windows and signs. Fluorescent lamps are available in various lengths and shapes.

Color rendering index

The color rendering index indicates how well, compared to sunlight (or the light of a special reference lamp), the colors of objects are reproduced in a given light. The best color rendering index is 100 and is inherent, for example, in the light of halogen lamps.

The color temperature of white light indicates the temperature on the Kelvin scale (abbreviation - K), to which a black solid must be heated so that it begins to emit white light of the same shade. By the way, zero temperature on the Kelvin scale corresponds to -273 ° C.

Most often, the above two parameters are used in assessing the quality of light of fluorescent lamps. The fact is that their light is actually fluorescence, which occurs under the action of ultraviolet rays, which are generated by an electrical discharge in a lamp. A special substance glows - a phosphor that covers the inside of the lamp bulb. Unlike lamps, where the light source is a hot tungsten filament, in the spectrum of fluorescent lamps certain colors can be represented very unevenly. That is why the light of fluorescent lamps comes in different shades, and the color of objects in this light can differ significantly from the usual one.

E-14 Compact Fluorescent Lamps

Marking of fluorescent lamps

Fluorescent lamps of wide application are capable of emitting light from warm white (2700 - 3300 K), similar to the light of incandescent lamps, to cold daylight (5000 - 6800 K). They can have a color rendering index above 90 - excellent color reproduction, from 80 to 90 - good and below 80 - standard. For example, Philips Lighting names lamps with excellent color rendering 90 DeLux, and those with good color rendering Super 80. But most often, a three-digit number is entered into the labeling of fluorescent lamps to indicate the quality of their light, for example, 930), in which the first digit is the color rendering index without 0, and the last two are color temperatures in hundreds of Kelvins. Thus, the number 930 in the marking means that the color rendering index of this lamp is above 90 and it emits warm white light, since the color temperature is 3000 K. If the number contains two digits, then they indicate the color temperature. The color rendition of this lamp is standard, and is not reflected in the marking of the lamp.

A 13W compact fluorescent lamp will shine as brightly as a 75W incandescent lamp, but 6-8 times longer

Advantages of fluorescent lamps

Fluorescent lamps are more economical than conventional incandescent lamps. The efficiency of these lamps reaches 80%, while for widely used incandescent lamps it does not exceed 12%. Cost-effectiveness is ensured by significantly higher luminous efficiency of these lamps and a long service life. In fact, with the same power consumption, fluorescent lamps can shine five times brighter and 12-20 times longer than conventional incandescent lamps.

In recent years, the attitude towards fluorescent lamps has also changed on the part of physicians. No more complaints about ultraviolet radiation, which is really present in the light of fluorescent lamps. But today, its intensity in general-purpose lamps is several thousand times lower than that of sunlight. Complaints about light flickering have disappeared, since modern fluorescent lamps are equipped with electronic circuits for connecting to the mains, and this phenomenon is unusual for them. Moreover, in northern countries, doctors recommend using fluorescent lamps in the premises of schools and public institutions, since they make it possible to compensate for the lack of natural ultraviolet radiation.

Today, a wide variety of fluorescent lamps are produced in various shapes and technical characteristics. And this is good, because such lamps open up great opportunities for designers.

Highly economical compact fluorescent lamps are indispensable in the home

Classification of fluorescent lamps

By appointment, fluorescent lamps are special and general applications. Special fluorescent lamps are used to solve specific problems in various areas of human activity. According to their functional purpose, these lamps can be divided into several groups. Of these, aquarium (bioactive) lamps and ultraviolet emitters are of great interest.

Aquarium fluorescent lamps emit light with a very high energy density in the blue part of the spectrum. This not only emphasizes the beauty and uniqueness of the underwater world, but also provides optimal conditions for photosynthesis, stimulates the formation of oxygen, and has a beneficial effect on aquarium plants.

Aquarium fluorescent lamps

Cosmetic tanning lamps used in specially designed tanning equipment for this purpose, these lamps emit light in the long ultraviolet wavelength range, which, acting on human skin, cause its pigmentation.

Cosmetic tanning lamps

Fluorescent lamps of general application are used for lighting residential, office and industrial premises, as well as in outdoor lamps. They have a very high light output and a wide range of shades of emitted light: from warm white to cool daylight. The color rendering of these lamps can be excellent, good and standard. Moreover, it is color rendering that should be used as the main criterion for assessing the suitability of a fluorescent lamp for a particular application. How to choose the right fluorescent lamp?

Selection criteria for fluorescent lamps

Fluorescent lamps are the best lighting fixture for housing, not without reason their second name is fluorescent lamps. Their light (we are talking about lamps with a color rendering of at least 80) is closest to natural daylight. This is facilitated not only by the similarity of the radiation spectrum, but also by its special scattering in space, which is typical only for light sources with a relatively large area of ​​the luminous body. And yet the main criterion for choosing a light source is its practicality. Light should be comfortable and economical. It is on the practicality of fluorescent lighting that our recommendations are based.

light in the hallway

The entrance hall is the first room of any house, here we meet guests. However, it is in the hallway that, as a rule, there is no sunlight at all. So that the first impression of the guests from the apartment does not turn out to be too gloomy, the hallway must be provided with bright and high-quality lamps. Their light should be quite intense, but at the same time soft and friendly. It always cheers up, makes people more open and sociable.

Therefore, fluorescent lamps are the best suited for general hallway lighting. They can be used in wall sconces (compact fluorescent lamps) and as strip (ribbon) assembled on cornices under the ceiling around the entire perimeter. Their light will "spread" over the surface of the ceiling, lift it up and make the ceiling seem to float.

The light of the sconce should have the best color reproduction and a warm tone (for example, 930). And for strip lights, tubular cold-light fluorescent lamps (860) are more suitable.

living room lighting

It makes sense to use fluorescent lamps in the living room only in sconces for bright high-quality lighting of individual “areas” or illumination of works of art with diffused light. The light of these sconces, of course, must be white and of the highest quality (for example, 940). If the ceilings in the living room are low, then they can be raised, a cornice with fluorescent lamps can be arranged around the perimeter, as in the hallway. And it is in this that you can give free rein to your imagination and come up with something special.

The light in the office should be bright enough, have excellent color reproduction and match your preferences. It can be cool or warm white as you wish. The office needs general lighting and local lighting. You can do this in different ways, for example, using a ceiling chandelier and a table lamp. Use fluorescent lamps marked 940-950 as light sources. The approach should be similar to the lighting of the children's room.

For local illumination, you can use light from a fluorescent lamp with a lamp whose power does not exceed 9 W (4000-5000 K). Table fluorescent lamps use the highest quality electronic ballasts and fluorescent lamps

bedroom lighting

Conventional fluorescent lamps (930-933) or compact fluorescent lamps of the same quality are used here.

light in the kitchen

Here, like nowhere else, you need multifaceted lighting - general and local (above the work and dining tables). At the same time, it is advisable to use compact fluorescent lamps with a power of at least 20 W (warm light no worse than 840) as a general ceiling lamp. Lighting organized with strip fluorescent lamps above the work table is especially convenient. Such lamps do not create glare on glossy and metallic surfaces of kitchen utensils and practically do not cast shadows. It is very important to use lamps with good color rendering (no worse than 830 - 930).

There is only one requirement for lighting in the bathroom - the light should be comfortable and bright enough so that a person can freely navigate in this small room. The light should have warm shades (up to 3300 K).

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